'Awakening movement' in early nineteenth-century Germany: the making of a modern and orthodox Protestantism

This thesis examines the ‘Awakening movement’ (Erweckungsbewegung) in German Protestantism during the Vormärz period (1815-48) in German history. Many historians have noted that the Awakening was the last nationwide Protestant reform and revival movement to occur in Germany. This thesis interprets the Awakening movement as a product of the larger social changes that were re-shaping German society during the Vormärz period. Theologically, Awakened Protestants were traditionalists. They affirmed religious doctrines that orthodox Protestants had professed since the confessional statements of the Reformation-era. However, Awakened Protestants were also distinctly modern. Their efforts to spread their religious beliefs were successful because of the new political freedoms and economic opportunities that emerged in the early nineteenth century. These social conditions gave members of the emerging German middle class new means and abilities to pursue their religious goals. Awakened Protestants started many academic and popular publications, voluntary societies, and institutions for social reform. Adapting Protestantism to modern society in these ways was the most original and innovative aspect of the Awakening movement. After an introductory chapter, this study proceeds to discuss Awakened Protestants’ religious identity in relation to the history of the German Protestant tradition. Chapter one examines the historical development of the conception of religious ‘awakening’ within German Protestant thought from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Chapter two then analyses how the Awakening movement was animated by a particular set of objections to the eighteenth-century religious Enlightenment and to the Christianity of those who called themselves Protestant ‘rationalists’. Chapters three through six consider how the Awakening movement developed within four distinct areas of Protestant religious life: preaching, academic theology, organised evangelism, and pastoral initiatives. The thesis concludes that the Awakening movement represented the realisation of certain long-term reform goals that Martin Luther had defined in the 1520s. It was a type of Protestantism, whose appearance had previously been inhibited by the limitations of the social, political, and economic conditions of the early modern period. This thesis is the first substantial analysis of the Awakening written in English

The German Awakening: Protestant Renewal after the Enlightenment, 1815-1848 - Dale Brown Book Award Lecture

A talk by Andrew Kloes, recipient of the Dale W. Brown Book Award for The German Awakening: Protestant Renewal After the Enlightenment, 1815-1848 (Oxford University Press, 2019). Historians of modern German culture and church history use “the Awakening movement” to describe a period in the history of German Protestantism between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the Revolution of 1848. Theologically, awakened Protestants affirmed religious beliefs that Protestants had professed since the Reformation; however, they were also distinctly modern. Their efforts to spread their religious beliefs were successful because of the new political freedoms and economic opportunities that the Enlightenment had introduced. Adapting Protestantism to modern society in these ways was the most original and innovative aspect of the Awakening movement. Kloes is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and has contributed articles on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century European religious history to academic journals, including the Harvard Theological Review and Pietismus und Neuzeit. He received his PhD from the University of Edinburgh and works as a historian in Washington, DC

The Polish Criminal Police, the German Special Court in Lemberg, and the Prosecution of Poles for Giving Refuge to Jews, September 1943 to June 1944

This source publication contains three categories of documents related to the Nazi German occupation of Poland, specifically the city of Lwów (Lemberg) in District Galicia of the General Government, which have been translated from German to English. The documents were selected for their relevance to ongoing debates and research questions evoked by the “third phase” of the Holocaust characterized by both widespread police searches for Jews and help offered by non-Jews to the fugitives, here set in the multi-ethnic context of Eastern Galicia between September 1943 and June 1944. Documents 1 to 4 are the German laws that formed the legal basis of decrees limiting Jewish residence and sanctioning punishment for their violation. Documents 5 to 7 are verdicts handed down by the Special Court in Lemberg (Sondergericht im Lemberg) on the basis of these decrees, in which the judges imposed the death penalty on the accused for giving refuge to Jews. Documents 8 to 11 are final reports regarding the arrests of Poles and Ukrainians, and the Jews whom they were sheltering, written by members of the Third Commissariat of the Lemberg Polish Criminal Police (PPK), which were sent to their supervisors in the German Criminal Police (Kripo)

Far-Field Electrostatic Signatures of Macromolecular 3D Conformation

In solution as in vacuum, the electrostatic field distribution in the vicinity of a charged object carries information on its three-dimensional geometry. We report on an experimental study exploring the effect of molecular shape on long-range electrostatic interactions in solution. Working with DNA nanostructures carrying approximately equal amounts of total charge but each in a different three-dimensional conformation, we demonstrate that the geometry of the distribution of charge in a molecule has substantial impact on its electrical interactions. For instance, a tetrahedral structure, which is the most compact distribution of charge we tested, can create a far-field effect that is effectively identical to that of a rod-shaped molecule carrying half the amount of total structural charge. Our experiments demonstrate that escape-time electrometry (ETe) furnishes a rapid and facile method to screen and identify 3D conformations of charged biomolecules or molecular complexes in solution