Appendix G. A table showing the variation in the probability of flower and fruit herbivory across the flowering sequence in 12 populations of Aquilegia canadensis from Ontario, Canada.

A table showing the variation in the probability of flower and fruit herbivory across the flowering sequence in 12 populations of Aquilegia canadensis from Ontario, Canada

Appendix B. A figure showing the overlap in floral anthesis and fruit development within inflorescences of Aquilegia canadensis.

A figure showing the overlap in floral anthesis and fruit development within inflorescences of Aquilegia canadensis

Appendix A. A figure showing the flowering phenology of the study population of Aquilegia canadensis.

A figure showing the flowering phenology of the study population of Aquilegia canadensis

Appendix C. Analysis showing the sequential decline in seed production is not associated with temporal variation in outcross pollination.

Analysis showing the sequential decline in seed production is not associated with temporal variation in outcross pollination

The effects of long-acting bronchodilators on total mortality in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the 4th leading cause of mortality worldwide. Long-acting bronchodilators are considered first line therapies for patients with COPD but their effects on mortality are not well known. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of long-acting bronchodilators on total mortality in stable COPD. Methods Using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Systematic Review databases, we identified high quality randomized controlled trials of tiotropium, formoterol, salmeterol, formoterol/budesonide or salmeterol/fluticasone in COPD that had a follow-up of 6 months or longer and reported on total mortality. Two reviewers independently abstracted data from the original trials and disagreements were resolved by iteration and consensus. Results Twenty-seven trials that included 30,495 patients were included in the review. Relative risk (RR) for total mortality was calculated for each of the study and pooled together using a random-effects model. The combination of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) therapy was associated with reduced total mortality compared with placebo (RR, 0.80; p = 0.005). Neither tiotropium (RR, 1.08; p = 0.61) nor LABA by itself (RR, 0.90; p = 0.21) was associated with mortality. Conclusions A combination of ICS and LABA reduced mortality by approximately 20%. Neither tiotropium nor LABA by itself modifies all-cause mortality in COPD.Medicine, Department ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty ofRespiratory Medicine, Division ofNon UBCMedicine, Faculty ofReviewedFacult

Appendix E. An analysis of the effect of different types of resource limitation on the decline in seed production and seed mass across the flowering sequence in Aquilegia canadensis.

An analysis of the effect of different types of resource limitation on the decline in seed production and seed mass across the flowering sequence in Aquilegia canadensis