On Vertex Operator Construction of Quantum Affine Algebras

We describe the construction of the quantum deformed affine Lie algebras using the vertex operators in the free field theory. We prove the Serre relations for the quantum deformed Borel subalgebras of affine algebras, namely the case of $\hat{\it sl}_{2}$ is considered in detail. We provide some formulas for generators of affine algebra.Comment: LaTeX, 9 pages; typos corrected, references adde

MODERNIZATION OF THE HYDROTREATING PLANT IN ORDER TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF ENERGY SAVING

The possibility of optimizing the consumption of energy resources at the hydrotreater is shown. Variants of modernization of the heat exchange scheme are proposed to increase the degree of use of heat with existing streams

Инвентаризация ледников Восточного Саяна по материалам космических съёмок

Small glaciers (areas smaller 1 km2) are the most numerous in most mountainous and glacial regions of the Earth, but their responses to the present‑day climate change are still to be investigated. The paper presents results of the new inventory of small inter‑continental glaciers located in the Eastern Sayan (South of Eastern Siberia). The previous (1950) glacier inventory was made from data of aerial photography carried out in the middle of the 20th century (USSR Glacier Inventory, КЛ 1950). A more complete inventory of the East Sayan glaciers for the state of 2000 (КЛ 2000) had been performed using the multichannel space images (Landsat Enhanced The‑ matic Mapper (ETM+) of 2000 and 2001, and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). In addition, some glaciers from the Inventory KL 1950 were re‑mapped on the basis of the Land‑ sat images (TM, ETM+, 1986‑2011) for years 1950, 1990 and 2010. The glacier outlines, determined on the test site from images of medium (Landsat) and high (World View‑1) satellite resolution, were compared that con‑ firmed that errors of mapping of small glaciers did not exceed 15%. The KL 2000 contains data on 172 glaciers with a total area of 16.6±1.9 km2. Glacier sizes are from 0.02 to 1.37 km2. For 1950–2000, the total area of the East Sayan glaciers had decreased by 59% (0.40% per a year). In 1990–2000, the glaciers decreased the most rapidly (by an order of magnitude faster as compared to the period of 1950–1990.). In 2000–2010, the area of glaciation slightly increased (by 4%) owing to formation of very small glaciers (area smaller 0.5 km2). On the whole, changes in glacier areas in the years 1950–2010 are in the good agreement with changes in amounts of winter precipita‑ tion and summer temperatures. In addition to regional climatic factors, there are also some local factors related to the topography and microclimate of individual glaciers which do also influence on the dynamics of small glaciers.С использованием космических снимков Landsat и цифровой модели SRTM составлен новый ГИС-каталог ледников Восточного Саяна по состоянию на 2000  г.; выполнен статистический анализ морфометрических характеристик ледников. По отдельным выборкам ледников реконструированы их контуры на конец малого ледникового периода (~1850 г.), а также на ~1990 и ~2010 гг. Проанализированы изменения площади ледников за период 1850–2010 гг. и оценена роль температуры воздуха и осадков в динамике оледенения

Boosting the Power Generation in Wind and Hydro Power Production

When approaching a conventional wind turbine, the air flow is slowed down and widened. This results in a loss of turbine efficiency. In order to exploit wind or water flow power as effectively as possible, it was suggested that the turbine should be placed inside a shroud, which consists of 4 wing-shaped surfaces. Two internal air foils improve the turbine performance by speeding up the flow acting on the turbine blades, two external wings create a field of low pressure behind the turbine, thus, helping to draw more mass flow to the turbine and avoid the loss of efficiency due to flow deceleration. The system accumulates kinetic energy of the flow in a small volume where the smaller (and therefore, cheaper) turbine can be installed. A smaller system can be installed inside the bigger one, which would help to accumulate even more kinetic energy on the turbine. This method implies kinetic energy summation with local flow redistribution. Both experiments and CFD simulations demonstrate a significant increase in velocity and generated mechanical power in comparison to those for a bare turbine

Inventory of glaciers in the Eastern Sayan on the basis of space surveys

Small glaciers (areas smaller 1 km2) are the most numerous in most mountainous and glacial regions of the Earth, but their responses to the present‑day climate change are still to be investigated. The paper presents results of the new inventory of small inter‑continental glaciers located in the Eastern Sayan (South of Eastern Siberia). The previous (1950) glacier inventory was made from data of aerial photography carried out in the middle of the 20th century (USSR Glacier Inventory, КЛ 1950). A more complete inventory of the East Sayan glaciers for the state of 2000 (КЛ 2000) had been performed using the multichannel space images (Landsat Enhanced The‑ matic Mapper (ETM+) of 2000 and 2001, and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). In addition, some glaciers from the Inventory KL 1950 were re‑mapped on the basis of the Land‑ sat images (TM, ETM+, 1986‑2011) for years 1950, 1990 and 2010. The glacier outlines, determined on the test site from images of medium (Landsat) and high (World View‑1) satellite resolution, were compared that con‑ firmed that errors of mapping of small glaciers did not exceed 15%. The KL 2000 contains data on 172 glaciers with a total area of 16.6±1.9 km2. Glacier sizes are from 0.02 to 1.37 km2. For 1950–2000, the total area of the East Sayan glaciers had decreased by 59% (0.40% per a year). In 1990–2000, the glaciers decreased the most rapidly (by an order of magnitude faster as compared to the period of 1950–1990.). In 2000–2010, the area of glaciation slightly increased (by 4%) owing to formation of very small glaciers (area smaller 0.5 km2). On the whole, changes in glacier areas in the years 1950–2010 are in the good agreement with changes in amounts of winter precipita‑ tion and summer temperatures. In addition to regional climatic factors, there are also some local factors related to the topography and microclimate of individual glaciers which do also influence on the dynamics of small glaciers

New inventory of glaciers in southeastern part of the Eastern Sayan Mountains

Satellite images with high (Quick Bird, 2006, WorldView-1, 2008, 0.5–0.6 m) and middle (Landsat-7 ETM +, 2001, 15–30 m) resolution were used to map contemporary glaciers on two mountain peaks of south-eastern part of East Sayan Ridge – Munky Sardyk (3491 m a.s.l.) and Topographov (3089 m a.s.l.). Topographic maps of 1978 and 1981 and Landsat-7 images (summer 2001) were used to assess glacier changes during second half of XX century. Modern terminal and lateral moraines near glacier snouts were used to reconstruct former outlines during the end of the Little Ice Age (middle of XIX century). Also SRTM data and GPS-surveys in Munku-Sardyk area were applied to measure glacier altitudes. GIS technologies allowed forming digital glacier data base with attribute information and new inventory was made. Totally 13 glaciers with area of 5.1 km² were investigated and mapped. Glaciers are located in vertical range from 2800–3490 m a.s.l. (Munku-Sardyk area) and 2340–2950 m a.s.l. (Topographov area). Firn line on glaciers vary from 2540 to 3110 m a.s.l., rising to the southeast. On average, over the past 160 years (since the end of the Little Ice Age) glaciers have significantly decreased. Ice area has decreased by 49%, length has diminished by 570 m, the glacier snouts has risen by 124 m. Analysis of regional climate data shows that the rate of deglaciation is well correlated with summer temperatures increasing in the second half of XX century, especially in 1980–1990s. A tendency to recover glacier mass balance was revealed during the last decade based on climatic data

Fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures of ultrafine-grained Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by ECAP

This research is focused on a study of the relationship between mechanical behavior, microstructure and fracture toughness of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy in both coarse-grained (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) conditions. The UFG state with a primary alpha-phase grain size, but with different orientations with respect to the testing direction, was produced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) after thermo-mechanical treatment. Fracture toughness and mechanicaltesting were conducted at a temperature of 196 °C. A duplex UFG structure formation in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy led to an enhancement of yield stress and a decrease in the fracture toughness at -196 °C by comparison with the CG alloy. The lowest values of fracture toughness were observed in a sample in which there were elongated grains lying parallel to the loading direction during testing compared to the situation where the grains were perpendicular to this direction.The reasons for the reduction in fracture toughness in the UFG Ti alloy are discussed