Executive Compensation in American Unions

[Exerpt] Studying compensation in the nonprofit sector is difficult. In nonprofit organizations, it is not always clear what the objectives of the organization are and, therefore, perhaps even more difficult to consider how to compensate managers than in the for-profit sector. This paper investigates the determinants of executive compensation of leaders of American labor unions. We use panel data on more than 75,000 organization-years of unions from 2000 to 2007 which allows us to examine within union differences over time. We specifically concentrate on two issues of importance to unions – the level of membership and the wages of union members. Both measures are strongly related to the compensation of the leaders of American labor unions, even after controlling for organization size and individual organization fixed-effects. That is, within the same union, higher levels of membership size and average member wage over time are associated with higher levels of pay for union leaders. Additionally, the elasticity of pay with respect to membership for unions is very similar to the elasticity of pay with respect to employees in for-profit firms over the same period

Executive Compensation in American Unions

[Excerpt] Studying compensation in the non-profit sector is difficult. In non-profit organizations, it is not always clear what the objectives of the organization are and, therefore, perhaps even more difficult to consider how to compensate managers. This paper investigates the determinants of executive compensation of leaders of American labor unions. We use panel data on more than 75,000 organization-years of unions from 2000 to 2007 to investigate these issues. We specifically concentrate on two issues of importance to unions – the level of membership and the wages of union members. Both measures are strongly related to compensation of the leaders of American labor unions, even after controlling for organization size and individual organization fixed-effects. Additionally, the elasticity of pay with respect to membership for unions is very similar to elasticity of pay with respect to employees in for-profit firms over the same period

Executive Compensation in American Unions (CRI 2009-007)

Studying compensation in the nonprofit sector is difficult. In nonprofit organizations, it is not always clear what the objectives of the organization are and, therefore, perhaps even more difficult to consider how to compensate managers than in the for-profit sector. This paper investigates the determinants of executive compensation of leaders of American labor unions. We use panel data on more than 75,000 organization-years of unions from 2000 to 2007. We specifically concentrate on two issues of importance to unions – the level of membership and the wages of union members. Both measures are strongly related to the compensation of the leaders of American labor unions, even after controlling for organization size and individual organization fixed-effects. Additionally, the elasticity of pay with respect to membership for unions is very similar to the elasticity of pay with respect to employees in for profit firms over the same period

The Gender Pay Gap That No One is Paying Attention to

That women are paid less than male colleagues is a stubborn fact in the U.S. workplace. As of July, women earned 84 cents for every dollar a man earned. It is a discrepancy that has garnered significant attention from scholars, the media and sex discrimination lawsuits. But this figure only tells part of the story regarding gender pay inequality. As a professor of business management, I have long studied compensation and inequality and know that base pay is only one way that women are disadvantaged in the workplace. Recent research by myself and colleagues shines a light on how female employees – particularly in the tech industries – likewise lose out when it comes to other forms of pay that receive far less attention: equity-based awards. These are stock grants, in which employees are offered shares in the firm as a form of pay, and stock option grants that offer the right to buy company stock at a preset price in the future. The value of both are tied to the employing organization’s market price

The Gender Equity Gap: A Multi-Study Investigation of Within-Job Inequality in Equity-Based Awards

Laws in many countries mandate paying men and women equally when in similar jobs. Such laws, coupled with considerable organizational efforts, lead some scholars to contend that within-job pay inequality is no longer a source of the gender pay gap. We argue important differences in a widely used form of pay heretofore overlooked in existing studies—equity-based awards (i.e., pay where the value is tied to the employing organization’s stock, such as stock and stock options)—may cause underestimation of gender-based within-job pay inequality. Specifically, we theorize that because of differences in both why and how equity-based awards are distributed to employees compared to other forms of pay, a gender gap will exist in equity-based awards, with biased perceptions of retention driving the gap. Using a multimethod study with novel data from two technology organizations, archival data from publicly traded firms, and experimental data, we find consistent support for our hypotheses. Taken together, our results suggest that using equity-based awards as a means to retain employees, and the rationale and processes associated with distributing such pay, can result in gender-based within-job inequality. Thus, our study sheds light on a previously overlooked form of inequality in the workplace while offering implications for both theory and practice

Shifting Perspectives: How Scrutiny Shapes the Relationship Between CEO Gender and Acquisition Activity

Research Summary: Several upper echelons studies have found that firms led by female executives are less likely to engage in risky endeavors than those led by male top executives. We argue that conceptualizing female CEOs as universally conservative decision-makers may paint too simplistic a picture and that the impact of CEO gender on strategic decision-making may vary significantly depending on the given situation CEOs are experiencing. We integrate executive job demands and gender research to propose that scrutiny will exhibit differential effects on female and male CEOs\u27 acquisition activity. We show that in high-scrutiny contexts, the difference between male and female CEO acquisition activity disappears. In contrast, in low-scrutiny contexts, the difference between male and female CEOs\u27 acquisition activity is exaggerated. Managerial Summary: Substantial research has shown that female executives acquire at a lower rate than male executives. We argue that viewing female CEOs as universally conservative decision-makers may paint too simplistic a picture and that the impact of CEO gender on strategic decision-making may vary significantly depending on the given situation CEOs are experiencing. In particular, we argue and find that in high-scrutiny contexts, the difference between male and female CEO acquisition activity disappears. This research suggests that managers should consider the impact of environmental context—especially the role of scrutiny—when considering the risk propensity of female leaders

Modeling for the topology of coherent structures within a laminar separation bubble

The large variation of lift and drag around a lifting profile, as a consequence of the flow transition and/or separation, has been widely investigated in recent years. The accurate characterization of the flow separation and the laminar-turbulent transition evolution is a primary input for surface design and flow control, while accurate measurements resolved in space and time are still not available. To this aim, the skin-friction estimation provides useful insights in the understanding of laminar and turbulent boundary layer evolution and in the investigation of separation and laminar-turbulent transition. Here we deal this subject with an experimental approach whose focus is on the skin-friction data derived from time histories of temperature maps obtained using Temperature Sensitive Paint (TSP). We report about a NACA 0015 hydrofoil tested in a water cavitating tunnel (CEIMM facility) at angles of attack AoA between 1° and 10° and Re = 180000, observed at a frame rate of 1 kHz via a Photron SAX camera. A region of recirculating flow was identified confined between laminar separation and turbulent reattachment points, which is commonly referred to as Laminar Separation Bubble (LSB). We extract wall quantities which allow for a topological description of the flow at the wall and shed a light in complex interactions of flow structures with the surface. The focus is placed on the topology of the coherent structures that appear in the reverse flow inside the recirculating region at different AoA. We conjecture that disturbances from the shear layer, which develop before the incoming laminar-turbulent transition, appear as impinging jets in the reverse flow region. Then, by adopting a potential vortex model as corresponding induced flow field and coupling it with a model of the flow in the reverse region, the raise, development and set of the associated coherent structures at the wall is described and compared with the corresponding skin friction topology extracted from temperature maps. Test cases are shown about the interaction of such impinging jets against the separation line at AoA = 10° and the development of omega-shaped, hairpin-like vortices in the reverse flow region at AoA = 3°. These flow structures appear opposite to the classical hairpin scheme of turbulent boundary layer, i.e. faster flow far from the wall is pushed down against the separation line towards the leading edge, thus inducing intermittent, highly energetic bursting phenomena involving the LSB dynamics. Further examples of coherent structures will be reported in the final contribution

Phenomenology of a flow around a circular cylinder at subcritical and critical Reynolds numbers

In this work, the flow around a circular cylinder is investigated at Reynolds numbers ranging from 79 000 up to 238 000 by means of a combined acquisition system based on Temperature Sensitive Paint (TSP) and particle velocimetry. The proposed setup allows simultaneous and timeresolved measurement of absolute temperature and relative skin friction fields onto the cylinder surface and nearwake velocity field. Combination of timeresolved surface measurements and planar nearfield velocity data allows the investigation of the profound modifications undergone by the wall shear stress topology and its connections to the nearfield structure as the flow regime travels from the subcritical to the critical regime. Laminar boundarylayer separation, transition, and reattachment are analyzed in the light of temperature, relative skin friction maps, and Reynolds stress fields bringing about a new perspective on the relationship between boundary layer development and shear layer evolution. The fastresponding TSP employed allows high acquisition frequency and calculation of power spectral density from surface data. Correlation maps of surface and nearwake data provide insight into the relationship between boundarylayer evolution and vortex shedding. We find that as the Reynolds number approaches the critical state, the separation line oscillations feature an increasingly weaker spectrum peak compared to the nearwake velocity spectrum. In the critical regime, separation line oscillations are strongly reduced and the correlation to the local vorticity undergoes an overall decrease giving evidence of modifications in the vortex shedding mechanism

Adolescent Medicine at the Crossroads: A Review of Fellowship Training and Recommendations for Reform

This report examines the current state of adolescent medicine fellowship programs -- including the supply and recruitment of fellows; the nature and content of clinical, research, and leadership training; and the institutional and financial challenges facing training programs today -- and offers recommendations for building the field. The report is based on findings from the first comprehensive national survey of adolescent medicine fellowship program directors, conducted in the spring of 2007 by Incenter Strategies. The document also presents selected findings from two other Incenter Strategies’ surveys conducted in 2007: one of pediatric residency program directors and the other of adolescent medicine faculty responsible for the one-month pediatric residency rotation. In addition, the report presents findings from key informant interviews and an extensive literature review