Prisma 2009 flow diagram showing an overview of study selection.

<p>Prisma 2009 flow diagram showing an overview of study selection.</p

Overview of eligible studies evaluating diffusivity in different brain regions.

<p>Overview of eligible studies evaluating diffusivity in different brain regions.</p

Le Courrier

12 juillet 18251825/07/12 (A0,N193)

Odds ratios of recurrent falls for the various types of gait disorders and gait speed.

<p>Abbreviations: GD, Gait disorders; OR, odds ratios.</p><p>OR are calculated by logistic regression analysis and corrected for age, gender and MMSE-scores.</p>a<p>Numbers too low in the respective category for the calculation of the ORs.</p>b<p>For continuous variables ORs were calculated for a one standard deviation unit change in variable levels in order to render odds comparable.</p

Association of gait disorders and neurological gait disorders with quality of life.

<p>Abbreviations: GD, Gait disorders.</p><p>The self administered WHO Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire assesses the general quality of life and health as well as the QoL in the four domains physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Results are reported in mean transformed scores (where 100 points represent maximum of respective item, ± standard deviation); P values refer to differences to the group without GD and are corrected for age and gender.</p

Association of age, gender, cognition and mood with gait disorders, neurological gait disorders and recurrent falls.

<p>Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OR, odds ratio.</p><p>ORs are calculated by logistic regression analysis. For continuous variables (age, MMSE, BDI, and HADS) ORs were calculated for a one standard deviation unit change in variable levels in order to render odds comparable.</p

Prevalence of the various neurological gait disorders.

<p>The table lists No (#) and Total No (§). No (#) stands for gait disorders, which were single entities in 81 subjects and multiple gait disorders due to combinations of different entities in 36 subjects. Total No (§) stands for the total number of subjects presenting with a specific gait disorder. For the subjects with multiple gait disorders their contributors are listed additionally in the legend (see ^a). E.g. there are 22 subjects who presented with sensory ataxia as a single neurological gait disorder [i.e. No (#)] and another 24 subject with a sensory ataxic gait in combination with other neurological gait disorders adding up to a total of 46 subjects with this gait abnormality [i.e. Total No (§)].Abbreviations: GD, gait disorders.</p>a<p>Contributors to multiple neurological GD (No.): Sensory ataxic (24), higher level (22), parkinsonian (15), paretic/hypotonic (8), cerebellar ataxic (3), vestibular ataxic (2), dyskinetic (3), spastic (1);</p>b<p>Diagnosed in the presence of neuropathic symptoms (numbness, altered sensation, or pain in the feet) and neurologic signs (decreased ankle reflexes, decreased distal sensation, and disturbed vibration sense) according to current criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069627#pone.0069627-England1" target="_blank">[30]</a>;</p>c<p>Subjects with a parkinsonian syndrome not fulfilling criteria for definite Parkinson’s disease <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069627#pone.0069627-Litvan1" target="_blank">[13]</a>;</p>d<p>With core gait features of a slow, wide base gait with short steps like ‘walking on ice’ <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069627#pone.0069627-Snijders1" target="_blank">[3]</a>.</p

Prevalence of gait disorders, according to sex and age.

<p>Abbreviations: GD, gait disorders.</p>a<p>Significance for sex difference: p = 0.053;</p>b<p>significance for age trends: p<0.001.</p

The R2* maps are derived from the substantia nigra of a representative healthy control and several PD patients with increasing disease duration as given on the upper margin of each image.

<p>Images belong to the same subjects included in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0145493#pone.0145493.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5</a>. The white arrows point out increased signals on R2* maps, indicating iron overload. With increasing disease duration the areas of elevated R2* become inhomogeneous.</p

Demographic and clinical data of RLS patients (with and without augmentation) and healthy controls.

<p>Demographic and clinical data of RLS patients (with and without augmentation) and healthy controls.</p