Low-temperature heat capacity of the pseudo-one-dimensional magnetic systems CsMnCl3.2H2O, -RbMnCl3.2H2O, and CsMnBr3.2H2O

\u3cp\u3eThe heat capacity of the isomorphic pseudo-one-dimensional magnetic systems CsMnCl3.2H2O, -RbMnCl3.2H2O, and CsMnBr3.2H2O has been analyzed using recently developed estimates for the lattice heat capacity of anisotropic media. The magnetic contribution in the paramagnetic region could be described very well by the S=52 linear-chain Heisenberg model. The intrachain interaction is found as Jk=-3.0 K for the former two compounds and Jk=-2.6 K for the latter compound. The interchain interactions are smaller by two orders of magnitude. The results, are compared with other experimental evidence. A study of the critical behavior of the magnetic entropy increase yields ==+0.100.01 for all three substances.\u3c/p\u3

Review of surface steam sterilization for validation purposes

Sterilization is an essential step in the process of producing sterile medical devices. To guarantee sterility, the process of sterilization must be validated. Because there is no direct way to measure sterility, the techniques applied to validate the sterilization process are based on statistical principles. Steam sterilization is the most frequently applied sterilization method worldwide and can be validated either by indicators (chemical or biological) or physical measurements. The steam sterilization conditions are described in the literature. Starting from these conditions, criteria for the validation of steam sterilization are derived and can be described in terms of physical parameters. Physical validation of steam sterilization appears to be an adequate and efficient validation method that could be considered as an alternative for indicator validation. Moreover, physical validation can be used for effective troubleshooting in steam sterilizing processes

Review of surface steam sterilization for validation purposes

Sterilization is an essential step in the process of producing sterile medical devices. To guarantee sterility, the process of sterilization must be validated. Because there is no direct way to measure sterility, the techniques applied to validate the sterilization process are based on statistical principles. Steam sterilization is the most frequently applied sterilization method worldwide and can be validated either by indicators (chemical or biological) or physical measurements. The steam sterilization conditions are described in the literature. Starting from these conditions, criteria for the validation of steam sterilization are derived and can be described in terms of physical parameters. Physical validation of steam sterilization appears to be an adequate and efficient validation method that could be considered as an alternative for indicator validation. Moreover, physical validation can be used for effective troubleshooting in steam sterilizing processes.</p

Magnetic interactions in CoBr2·6H2O

\u3cp\u3eHigh-precision measurements of the heat capacity of CoBr2·6H2O were performed between 1.2 and 11 K. A fit of the high-temperature magnetic specific heat to the high-temperature-series expansion for a two-dimensional XY antiferromagnet yielded Jk=-2.5 K. A combination with antiferromagnetic-resonance results gave J1xx=-2.4 K, J1yy=-2.3 K, J1zz=-0.3 K for the intersublattice interaction and J2xx=-0.5 K, J2yy=-0.5 K, and J2zz=-0.07 K for the intrasublattice interaction. A calculation of the Curie constant, the perpendicular susceptibility, and the paramagnetic phase transition based upon these values gave satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. From the critical entropy (57%), as well as the critical behavior of the sublattice magnetization (β=0.31), a somewhat bidimensional character could be concluded. The effect of deuteration will be briefly considered.\u3c/p\u3