Pienten pohjavesilaitosten ylläpito ja valvonta

Tämä opas on tarkoitettu pienten pohjavesilaitosten hoitajille. Se sisältää tietoa pohjaveden muodostumisesta, pohjavesiä uhkaavista riskeistä ja niiden hallinnasta, talousveden valmistukseen liittyvistä ohjeista ja määräyksistä, vesilaitostekniikasta sekä pohjavesilaitoksen ylläpidosta ja omavalvonnasta. Oppaassa on myös lyhyesti käsitelty vesijohtoverkostoa. Oppaan tarkoituksena on antaa työkaluja pienen pohjavesilaitoksen jokapäiväiseen ylläpitoon ja toimia samalla tietolähteenä vesilaitoshoitajilta vaadittavaan osaamistestaukseen vesihygieniapassia varten. Siinä suhteessa oppaassa on käyttökelpoista tietoa myös isojen vesilaitosten ja pintavesilaitosten henkilökunnalle

Underhåll och kontroll av små grundvattenverk

Denna guide är avsedd för operatörer av små grundvattenverk. Den innehåller uppgifter om grundvattenbildning, risker för grundvatten och riskhantering, råd och riktlinjer för dricksvattentillverkning, vattenverksteknik, samt underhåll och egenkontroll av vattenverk. Vattenledningsnät behandlas även kortfattat i guiden. Syftet med guiden är att ge verktyg för det dagliga underhållet av grundvattenverket och samtidigt fungera som informationskälla till den test som vattenverkspersonalen skall avlägga. Guiden innehåller i detta avseende relevant information även för personalen på större vattenverk

Drinking Water Quality and Occurrence of Giardia in Finnish Small Groundwater Supplies

The microbiological and chemical drinking water quality of 20 vulnerable Finnish small groundwater supplies was studied in relation to environmental risk factors associated with potential sources of contamination. The microbiological parameters analyzed included the following enteric pathogens: Giardia and Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter species, noroviruses, as well as indicator microbes (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, coliform bacteria, Clostridium perfringens, Aeromonas spp. and heterotrophic bacteria). Chemical analyses included the determination of pH, conductivity, TOC, color, turbidity, and phosphorus, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, iron, and manganese concentrations. Giardia intestinalis was detected from four of the water supplies, all of which had wastewater treatment activities in the neighborhood. Mesophilic Aeromonas salmonicida, coliform bacteria and E. coli were also detected. None of the samples were positive for both coliforms and Giardia. Low pH and high iron and manganese concentrations in some samples compromised the water quality. Giardia intestinalis was isolated for the first time in Finland in groundwater wells of public water works. In Europe, small water supplies are of great importance since they serve a significant sector of the population. In our study, the presence of fecal indicator bacteria, Aeromonas and Giardia revealed surface water access to the wells and health risks associated with small water supplies.Peer reviewe

Childhood adversities, adult risk factors and depressiveness: a population study

Objective: Childhood adversities have been associated with adulthood depressiveness, but the contribution of adult risk factors is seldom described. We examined whether adult risk factors lie on the pathway from childhood adversity to adult depressiveness (pathway hypothesis) or whether the association depends on life events (vulnerability hypothesis).Method: Among 21,101 randomly sampled working-aged respondents [the Health and Social Support in Finland (HeSSup) Study], the hypotheses were tested with logistic regression analysis models studying the associations between Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-assessed depressiveness and self-reported childhood adversities alone and in combination with recent adverse events.Results: Childhood adversities were consistently associated with depressiveness (women, age-adjusted odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence intervals 2.6-3.7; men, 2.6, 2.1-3.3), although the risks were decreased by more than 30% after adjustments for adult risk factors such as living alone, education, alcohol consumption, social support and negative affectivity. Childhood adversities combined with recent life events were associated with depressiveness in an additive manner. Women with childhood adversities and recent person-independent events especially had increased vulnerability for depressiveness.Conclusions: The childhood adversity-depressiveness associations were partly mediated by adult risk factors, supporting a pathway from childhood adversities to depressiveness through adult risk factors. Increased vulnerability for depressiveness was found among respondents with childhood adversities in combination with recent death/illness events. The findings emphasize the importance of early risk factors when identifying persons at risk of depression.</p

Orthostatic Hypotension is a Risk Factor for Falls Among Older Adults: 3-Year Follow-Up

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension (OH) and the association of OH with the risk of falls among community-dwelling older adults with a previous fall.DesignLongitudinal study.Setting and ParticipantsThe subjects (n = 561) were participants in fall prevention conducted in western Finland.MethodsBlood pressure (BP) was measured in supine position and at 30 seconds and 3 minutes after standing. The participants were divided according to the consensus definition to an OH group (OHG) and a non-OH group (non-OHG). Falls were recorded by fall diaries during 12 months. Falls requiring treatment were gathered from health center and hospital registers during 12 and 36 months.ResultsThe prevalence of OH was 23.4% (30 seconds) and 7.3% (3 minutes). The 30-second measurement showed that the incidence of falls and that of falls requiring treatment were significantly higher in OHG compared with non-OHG during 12 months. After adjustments, the incidence of falls remained higher in all 5 adjusted models whereas that of falls requiring treatment remained higher only after adjustment for functional balance. The 3-minute measurement showed that the incidence of falls was higher in OHG compared with non-OHG during 12 months and remained higher after adjustments for functional balance and for age and functional balance. During the 36-month follow-up, OH measured at 30 seconds or 3 minutes after standing was not associated with the occurrence of falls leading to treatment.Conclusions and ImplicationsOH at 30 seconds or 3 minutes after standing is associated with a greater risk for falling within 12 months in older adults. The 30-second blood pressure measurement is more reliable to detect the risk than the 3-minute measurement. The results support the usability of 30-second measurement in determining OH and the risk for falling among older persons.</p