995 research outputs found
Dynamic Modulation Yields One-Way Beam Splitting
This article demonstrates the realization of an extraordinary beam splitter
based on nonreciprocal and synchronized photonic transitions in obliquely
illuminated space-time-modulated (STM) slabs which impart the coherent temporal
frequency and spatial frequency shifts. As a consequence of such unusual
photonic transitions, a one-way beam splitting and amplification is exhibited
by the STM slab. Beam splitting is a vital operation for various optical and
photonic systems, ranging from quantum computation to fluorescence spectroscopy
and microscopy. Despite the beam splitting is conceptually a simple operation,
the performance characteristics of beam splitters significantly influence the
repeatability and accuracy of the entire optical system. As of today, there has
been no approach exhibiting a nonreciprocal beam splitting accompanied with
transmission gain and an arbitrary splitting angle. Here, we show that oblique
illumination of a periodic and semi-coherent dynamically-modulated slab results
in coherent photonic transitions between the incident light beam and its
counterpart space-time harmonic (STH). Such photonic transitions introduce a
unidirectional synchronization and momentum exchange between two STHs with same
temporal frequencies, but opposite spatial frequencies. Such a beam splitting
technique offers high isolation, transmission gain and zero beam tilting, and
is expected to drastically decrease the resource and isolation requirements in
optical and photonic systems. In addition to the analytical solution, we
provide a closed-form solution for the electromagnetic fields in STM
structures, and accordingly, investigate the properties of the wave isolation
and amplification in subluminal, superluminal and luminal ST modulations
Coexistence of RF-powered IoT and a Primary Wireless Network with Secrecy Guard Zones
This paper studies the secrecy performance of a wireless network (primary
network) overlaid with an ambient RF energy harvesting IoT network (secondary
network). The nodes in the secondary network are assumed to be solely powered
by ambient RF energy harvested from the transmissions of the primary network.
We assume that the secondary nodes can eavesdrop on the primary transmissions
due to which the primary network uses secrecy guard zones. The primary
transmitter goes silent if any secondary receiver is detected within its guard
zone. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we derive the probability of
successful connection of the primary network as well as the probability of
secure communication. Two conditions must be jointly satisfied in order to
ensure successful connection: (i) the SINR at the primary receiver is above a
predefined threshold, and (ii) the primary transmitter is not silent. In order
to ensure secure communication, the SINR value at each of the secondary nodes
should be less than a predefined threshold. Clearly, when more secondary nodes
are deployed, more primary transmitters will remain silent for a given guard
zone radius, thus impacting the amount of energy harvested by the secondary
network. Our results concretely show the existence of an optimal deployment
density for the secondary network that maximizes the density of nodes that are
able to harvest sufficient amount of energy. Furthermore, we show the
dependence of this optimal deployment density on the guard zone radius of the
primary network. In addition, we show that the optimal guard zone radius
selected by the primary network is a function of the deployment density of the
secondary network. This interesting coupling between the two networks is
studied using tools from game theory. Overall, this work is one of the few
concrete works that symbiotically merge tools from stochastic geometry and game
theory
Tight Lower Bounds on the Contact Distance Distribution in Poisson Hole Process
In this letter, we derive new lower bounds on the cumulative distribution
function (CDF) of the contact distance in the Poisson Hole Process (PHP) for
two cases: (i) reference point is selected uniformly at random from
independently of the PHP, and (ii) reference point is located at
the center of a hole selected uniformly at random from the PHP. While one can
derive upper bounds on the CDF of contact distance by simply ignoring the
effect of holes, deriving lower bounds is known to be relatively more
challenging. As a part of our proof, we introduce a tractable way of bounding
the effect of all the holes in a PHP, which can be used to study other
properties of a PHP as well.Comment: To appear in IEEE Wireless Communications Letter
Joint Uplink and Downlink Coverage Analysis of Cellular-based RF-powered IoT Network
Ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting has emerged as a promising
solution for powering small devices and sensors in massive Internet of Things
(IoT) ecosystem due to its ubiquity and cost efficiency. In this paper, we
study joint uplink and downlink coverage of cellular-based ambient RF energy
harvesting IoT where the cellular network is assumed to be the only source of
RF energy. We consider a time division-based approach for power and information
transmission where each time-slot is partitioned into three sub-slots: (i)
charging sub-slot during which the cellular base stations (BSs) act as RF
chargers for the IoT devices, which then use the energy harvested in this
sub-slot for information transmission and/or reception during the remaining two
sub-slots, (ii) downlink sub-slot during which the IoT device receives
information from the associated BS, and (iii) uplink sub-slot during which the
IoT device transmits information to the associated BS. For this setup, we
characterize the joint coverage probability, which is the joint probability of
the events that the typical device harvests sufficient energy in the given time
slot and is under both uplink and downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise
ratio (SINR) coverage with respect to its associated BS. This metric
significantly generalizes the prior art on energy harvesting communications,
which usually focused on downlink or uplink coverage separately. The key
technical challenge is in handling the correlation between the amount of energy
harvested in the charging sub-slot and the information signal quality (SINR) in
the downlink and uplink sub-slots. Dominant BS-based approach is developed to
derive tight approximation for this joint coverage probability. Several system
design insights including comparison with regularly powered IoT network and
throughput-optimal slot partitioning are also provided
Nearest Neighbor and Contact Distance Distribution for Binomial Point Process on Spherical Surfaces
This letter characterizes the statistics of the contact distance and the
nearest neighbor (NN) distance for binomial point processes (BPP)
spatially-distributed on spherical surfaces. We consider a setup of
concentric spheres, with each sphere has a radius and points
that are uniformly distributed on its surface. For that setup, we obtain the
cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the distance to the nearest point
from two types o observation points: (i) the observation point is not a part of
the point process and located on a concentric sphere with a radius
, which corresponds to the contact distance distribution, and
(ii) the observation point belongs to the point process, which corresponds to
the nearest-neighbor (NN) distance distribution
Wideband P-Shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna
A novel P-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is presented and investigated for wideband wireless application. By using P-shaped resonator, a wideband impedance bandwidth of 80% from 3.5 to 8.2 GHz is achieved. The antenna covers all of wireless systems like C-band, 5.2, 5.5 & 5.8 GHz-WLAN & WiMax. The proposed antenna has a low profile and the thickness of the resonator is only 5.12 mm, which is 0.06-0.14 free space wavelength. A parametric study is presented. The proposed DRA is built and the characteristics of the antenna are measured. Very good agreement between numerical and measured results is obtained
Saudi Arabian aviation construction projects: identification of risks and their consequences.
Airport projects are considered to be very complex, as they face a number of challenges which inevitably expose them to risks. In Saudi Arabia, the aviation sector is considered an important sector due to the fact that Saudi Arabia is the first destination for Muslims on an annual basis. As a result, the Saudi government has allocated a significant amount of its general budget to this sector through the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA). However, it has been found that these projects are still delivered with a significant number of time and cost overruns. These consequences are typically generated from the risks involved in the projects. Thus, the aim of this paper was twofold: first, to identify risks associated with aviation construction projects in Saudi Arabia and, second, to evaluate the consequences of these risks on a number of GACA projects. Critical literature reviews of common risks associated with aviation projects have been carried out. These were followed by 13 semi-structured interviews with expert project managers, including clients, contractors and consultants who have been involved in GACA projects. As a result, 54 new risks have been identified and classified into three levels: internal, external and force majeure. Results have confirmed the existence of time and cost overruns for GACA projects. The significance of the identified risks is currently being assessed and will be reported in a further paper
Economic assessment of biomass gasification technology in providing sustainable electricity in Nigerian rural areas.
Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) in general, and biomass source in particular, remains one of the means of providing sustainable electricity to rural areas in developing countries. This is because of its strategic value in identifying when and where electricity is really required thus, reducing/eliminating the high cost of grid network. The majority of Nigeria's rural dwellers are farmers and use little or none of their residues at the end of the farming season. Nigeria has also been experiencing dwindling power supply at both national and rural level with accessibility representing only 35% and 10% respectively. The rural areas are the most affected causing significant disruption of their socio-economic settings. Considering the enormous biomass resources in these communities, and they constitute approximately 65% of the country's total population, it is feasible to provide sustainable electricity to these communities through Biomass Gasification Technology (BGT). Cost has been found to be the major constraint in adopting RETs. Hence, this paper aims to evaluate and optimise the unit cost of generating electricity through BGT in Nigerian rural areas. Whole Life Costing approach has been used to evaluate various capacities of BGT. The findings reflect that cost/kW of BGT ranges between US{dollar}594(NGN118, 800)-US{dollar}3,604(NGN720,800) for capacities between 125kW-10kW. The Net Present Value(NPV)/kWh of generating electricity has been calculated for several scenarios including 125kW, 100kW, 50kW, 32kW, 24kW and 10kW system capacities under 3 different operational hours (8, 12 and 16), with and without feed-in tariff(FIT) incentive is from US{dollar}0.015-US{dollar}0.11(NGN3.08-N21.79). The only scenario that exceeds the current unit price of generating electricity from fossil fuel source in Nigeria which is averagely US{dollar}0.083(NGN16.50) is 8 hour operation without FIT at 10kW capacity. More so, in the event fuel wood price increases by 50%, 75% and 100%, the average increase in NPV/kWh will be 13%, 20% and 27% respectively
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