Contemporary preclinical human models of adrenocortical carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon and heterogeneous disease and may present differently in children and adults. Management of ACC is dependent on disease stage and complete surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment. The first and most extensively used adrenocortical cancer cell line, as model system to examine mechanisms controlling normal and pathologic function of adrenal cortex, was initially isolated in 1980. Although NCI-H295 maintained steroid capabilities and adrenocortical characteristics, the lack of new cell lines and animal models of ACC has hampered the progress and development of new therapies. In this review we provide description of cellular and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models of ACC generated for the elucidation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and preclinical functional studies for this aggressive disease

Physicians' awareness of gadolinium retention and MRI timing practices in the longitudinal management of pituitary tumors::a "Pituitary Society" survey

PURPOSE: In view of mounting attention related to possible brain retention of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in patients with normal renal function, our purpose was to detail results from a survey of pituitary experts to assess: 1) the timing interval and frequency of pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following surgical and/or medical and/or radiation therapy of pituitary tumors, 2) awareness of the types of GBCAs used and their possible safety issues. METHODS: The Pituitary Society Education Committee composed a survey with 12 multiple choice questions, 8 of which specifically addressed the time interval and frequency of MRI in the longitudinal management of pituitary tumors. The survey was distributed at two meetings; the International Pituitary Neurosurgeons Society conference in San Diego, CA, on February 18th, 2018, and the Pituitary Society Membership and Career Development Forum, Chicago, IL on March 18th, 2018. RESULTS: There is consensus among pituitary endocrinologists and neurosurgeons that long-term repeated imaging is recommended in most pituitary tumors, although the precise strategy of timing varied depending on the specialist group and the specific clinical context of the adenoma. The data also suggest that International Pituitary Neurosurgeons Society neurosurgeons, as well as Pituitary Society neuroendocrinologists, are sometimes unaware of which contrast agents are used by their institution, and many are also unaware that evidence of long-term brain retention has been reported with the use of GBCAs in patients with normal function. CONCLUSIONS: International pituitary endocrinologists and pituitary neurosurgeons experts suggest ongoing MRIs for the management of pituitary tumors; strategies vary based on clinical context, but also on individual experience and practice

PLK1 inhibitors as a new targeted treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a promising drug target; PLK1 inhibitors (PLK1i) have been investigated in solid cancers and are more effective in TP53-mutated cases. We evaluated PLK1 expression in ACC samples and the efficacy of two PLK1i in ACC cell lines with different genetic backgrounds. PLK1 protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples and correlated with clinical data. The efficacy of rigosertib (RGS), targeting RAS/PI3K, CDKs and PLKs, and poloxin (Pol), specifically targeting the PLK1 polo-box domain, was tested in TP53-mutated NCI-H295R, MUC-1, and CU-ACC2 cells and in TP53 wild-type CU-ACC1. Effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and viability were determined. PLK1 immunostaining was stronger in TP53-mutated ACC samples vs wild-type (P = 0.0017). High PLK1 expression together with TP53 mutations correlated with shorter progression-free survival (P= 0.041). NCI-H295R showed a time- and dose-dependent reduction in proliferation with both PLK1i (P< 0.05at 100 nM RGS and 30 µM Pol). In MUC-1, a less pronounced decrease was observed (P< 0.05at 1000 nM RGS and 100 µM Pol). 100 nM RGS increased apoptosis in NCI-H295R (P< 0.001), with no effect on MUC-1. CU-ACC2 apoptosis was induced only at high concentrations (P < 0.05 at 3000 nM RGS and 100 µM Pol), while proliferation decreased at 1000 nM RGS and 30 µM Pol. CU-ACC1 proliferation reduced, and apoptosis increased, only at 100 µM Pol. TP53-mutated ACC cell lines demonstrated better response to PLK1i than wild-type CU-ACC1. These data suggest PLK1i may be a promising targeted treatment of a subset of ACC patients, pre-selected according to tumour genetic signature

FSCN1 as a new druggable target in adrenocortical carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with a high risk of relapse and metastatic spread. The actin-bundling protein fascin (FSCN1) is overexpressed in aggressive ACC and represents a reliable prognostic indicator. FSCN1 has been shown to synergize with VAV2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho/Rac GTPase family, to enhance the invasion properties of ACC cancer cells. Based on those results, we investigated the effects of FSCN1 inactivation by CRISPR/Cas9 or pharmacological blockade on the invasive properties of ACC cells, both in vitro and in an in vivo metastatic ACC zebrafish model. Here, we showed that FSCN1 is a transcriptional target for β-catenin in H295R ACC cells and that its inactivation resulted in defects in cell attachment and proliferation. FSCN1 knock-out modulated the expression of genes involved in cytoskeleton dynamics and cell adhesion. When Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) dosage was upregulated in H295R cells, activating their invasive capacities, FSCN1 knock-out reduced the number of filopodia, lamellipodia/ruffles and focal adhesions, while decreasing cell invasion in Matrigel. Similar effects were produced by the FSCN1 inhibitor G2-044, which also diminished the invasion of other ACC cell lines expressing lower levels of FSCN1 than H295R. In the zebrafish model, metastases formation was significantly reduced in FSCN1 knock-out cells and G2-044 significantly reduced the number of metastases formed by ACC cells. Our results indicate that FSCN1 is a new druggable target for ACC and provide the rationale for future clinical trials with FSCN1 inhibitors in patients with ACC

The Immunotherapy Landscape in Adrenocortical Cancer.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer of the adrenal gland that is frequently associated with excess production of adrenal hormones. Although surgical resection may be curative in early-stage disease, few effective therapeutic options exist in the inoperable advanced or metastatic setting. Immunotherapies, inclusive of a broad array of immune-activating and immune-modulating antineoplastic agents, have demonstrated clinical benefit in a wide range of solid and hematologic malignancies. Due to the broad activity across multiple cancer types, there is significant interest in testing these agents in rare tumors, including ACC. Multiple clinical trials evaluating immunotherapies for the treatment of ACC have been conducted, and many more are ongoing or planned. Immunotherapies that have been evaluated in clinical trials for ACC include the immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and avelumab. Other immunotherapies that have been evaluated include the monoclonal antibodies figitumumab and cixutumumab directed against the ACC-expressed insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, the recombinant cytotoxin interleukin-13-pseudomonas exotoxin A, and autologous tumor lysate dendritic cell vaccine. These agents have shown modest clinical activity, although nonzero in the case of the immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate whether this clinical activity may be augmented through combinations with other immune-acting agents or targeted therapies

Preclinical Models of Adrenocortical Cancer.

Adrenocortical cancer is an aggressive endocrine malignancy with an incidence of 0.72 to 1.02 per million people/year, and a very poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of 22%. As an orphan disease, clinical data are scarce, meaning that drug development and mechanistic research depend especially on preclinical models. While a single human ACC cell line was available for the last three decades, over the last five years, many new in vitro and in vivo preclinical models have been generated. Herein, we review both in vitro (cell lines, spheroids, and organoids) and in vivo (xenograft and genetically engineered mouse) models. Striking leaps have been made in terms of the preclinical models of ACC, and there are now several modern models available publicly and in repositories for research in this area