Basic Principles of Betavoltaic Elements and Prospects of their Development

The basic technical principles and means of increase in betavoltaitic elements effectiveness have been analyzed by comparing with their closest analogue – photoelectric semiconductor converters. The geometric parameters of radiation sources for these elements and their capacities have been estimated. It is shown the radiation source 63Ni foil thickness should not exceed a few micrometers, and maximum energy conversion efficiency can achieve ~ 16 %

Общая полиция Минской губернии в начале XX в.

В статье рассматриваются специфика социально–экономического развития Минской губернии в начале XX века, а также изменения штатной структуры городской и уездной полиции. В этот исторический период структура местной полиции не соответствовала общегосударственной модели управления, не в полном объеме отражала внутреннюю политику Российской империи. Именно поэтому проводились адекватные преобразования в структуре российской полиции, предупреждая новые угрозы и актуализируя сферу безопасности общества. Ключевые слова: полиция, Министерство внутренних дел, белорусские губернии, внутренняя политика Российской империи. This article examines the contradiction between the staff structure of the city and county police and socio–economic conditions in Minsk province at the beginning of the XX century. It is shown that the development of the local police does not correspond to the model of the police state. Keywords: police, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Belarusian provinces

ГОРОДСКИЕ ПОЛИЦЕЙСКИЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МИНСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX В.

The article discusses changes in the structure of urban police departments in the Minsk province in the second half of the XIX century. Polish uprising of 1863–1864 did not significantly affect the structure of urban police departments. Despite the processes of urbanization and modernization of the economy, until the end of the 19th century, the organizational and staff of the police in the cities of the Minsk province was not revised. Only in 1899, at the initiative of the local authorities, did the police of Minsk receive a state that partially corresponded to the tasks of protecting public order. The structure of the rest of the city police departments of Minsk province did not change.В статье рассматриваются изменения в структуре городских полицейских управлений Минской губернии во второй половине XIX века. Польское восстание 1863–1864 гг. существенно не повлияло на структуру городских полицейских управлений. Несмотря на процессы урбанизации и модернизацию экономики, до конца XIX века организационно–штатный состав полиции в городах Минской губернии не пересматривался. Только в 1899 г. по инициативе местных властей полиция Минска получила штат, который частично соответствовал задачам охраны общественного порядка. Структура остальных городских полицейских управлений Минской губернии не менялась

Mass spectra of doubly heavy Omega_QQ' baryons

We evaluate the masses of baryons composed of two heavy quarks and a strange quark with account for spin-dependent splittings in the framework of potential model with the KKO potential motivated by QCD with a three-loop beta-function for the effective charge consistent with both the perturbative limit at short distances and linear confinement term at long distances between the quarks. The factorization of dynamics is supposed and explored in the nonrelativistic Schroedinger equation for the motion in the system of two heavy quarks constituting the doubly heavy diquark and the strange quark interaction with the diquark. The limits of approach, its justification and uncertainties are discussed. Excited quasistable states are classified by the quantum numbers of heavy diquark composed by the heavy quarks of the same flavor.Comment: 14 pages, revtex4-file, 3 eps-figures, 5 tables, typos correcte

An Equation of State of a Carbon-Fibre Epoxy Composite under Shock Loading

An anisotropic equation of state (EOS) is proposed for the accurate extrapolation of high-pressure shock Hugoniot (anisotropic and isotropic) states to other thermodynamic (anisotropic and isotropic) states for a shocked carbon-fibre epoxy composite (CFC) of any symmetry. The proposed EOS, using a generalised decomposition of a stress tensor [Int. J. Plasticity \textbf{24}, 140 (2008)], represents a mathematical and physical generalisation of the Mie-Gr\"{u}neisen EOS for isotropic material and reduces to this equation in the limit of isotropy. Although a linear relation between the generalised anisotropic bulk shock velocity $U^{A}_{s}$ and particle velocity $u_{p}$ was adequate in the through-thickness orientation, damage softening process produces discontinuities both in value and slope in the $U^{A}_{s}$-$u_{p}$ relation. Therefore, the two-wave structure (non-linear anisotropic and isotropic elastic waves) that accompanies damage softening process was proposed for describing CFC behaviour under shock loading. The linear relationship $U^{A}_{s}$-$u_{p}$ over the range of measurements corresponding to non-linear anisotropic elastic wave shows a value of $c^{A}_{0}$ (the intercept of the $U^{A}_{s}$-$u_{p}$ curve) that is in the range between first and second generalised anisotropic bulk speed of sound [Eur. Phys. J. B \textbf{64}, 159 (2008)]. An analytical calculation showed that Hugoniot Stress Levels (HELs) in different directions for a CFC composite subject to the two-wave structure (non-linear anisotropic elastic and isotropic elastic waves) agree with experimental measurements at low and at high shock intensities. The results are presented, discussed and future studies are outlined.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

Formation of the Electric Field Distribution in Thin Electro-Optic Layers for Precision Correction their Optical Characteristics

A method of making given field distribution within thin electro-optical layers by using narrow band electrodes placed at the same electric potential. A formula for electric field intensity produced by a single band electrode is obtained. Electric field modeling for different band electrode configurations is undertaken. It was shown, by applying piezoresponse force microscopy, that in case of highly inhomogeneous field the polarization of lithium niobate electro-optical film persisted only in the area above the band electrode. Lithium niobate, electro-optical structures, piezoresponse force microscopy, Computer simulation

Analysis of the vector and axialvector BcB_c mesons with QCD sum rules

In this article, we study the vector and axialvector $B_c$ mesons with the QCD sum rules, and make reasonable predictions for the masses and decay constants, then calculate the leptonic decay widths. The present predictions for the masses and decay constants can be confronted with the experimental data in the future. We can also take the masses and decay constants as basic input parameters and study other phenomenological quantities with the three-point vacuum correlation functions via the QCD sum rules.Comment: 14 pages, 16 figure

Resonance Kondo Tunneling through a Double Quantum Dot at Finite Bias

It is shown that the resonance Kondo tunneling through a double quantum dot (DQD) with even occupation and singlet ground state may arise at a strong bias, which compensates the energy of singlet/triplet excitation. Using the renormalization group technique we derive scaling equations and calculate the differential conductance as a function of an auxiliary dc-bias for parallel DQD described by SO(4) symmetry. We analyze the decoherence effects associated with the triplet/singlet relaxation in DQD and discuss the shape of differential conductance line as a function of dc-bias and temperature.Comment: 11 pages, 6 eps figures include

Synthesis and Nanoscale Characterization of LiNbO3 Thin Films Deposited on Al2O3 Substrate by RF Magnetron Sputtering under Electric Field

LiNbO3 thin films were deposited on Al2O3 substrates by RF-magnetron sputtering with in-situ electric field to study the self-polarization effect. The films have been characterized crystallographically by x-ray diffraction, and morphologically by atomic force microscopy. The films contain crystallites of LiNbO3 with preferable orientation [012] along the normal to the Al2O3 substrate surface (012). Piezoresponse force microscopy was used to study vertical and lateral polarization direction in LiNbO3 thin films. The analysis of the histograms of vertical piezoresponse images allowed to reveal self-polarization effect in films. The local piezoelectric hysteresis performed on the nanometer scale indicates switching behavior of polarization for LiNbO3 thin film

Ginzburg-Landau functional for nearly antiferromagnetic perfect and disordered Kondo lattices

Interplay between Kondo effect and trends to antiferromagnetic and spin glass ordering in perfect and disordered bipartite Kondo lattices is considered. Ginzburg-Landau equation is derived from the microscopic effective action written in three mode representation (Kondo screening, antiferromagnetic correlations and spin liquid correlations). The problem of local constraint is resolved by means of Popov-Fedotov representation for localized spin operators. It is shown that the Kondo screening enhances the trend to a spin liquid crossover and suppresses antiferromagnetic ordering in perfect Kondo lattices and spin glass ordering in doped Kondo lattices. The modified Doniach's diagram is constructed, and possibilities of going beyond the mean field approximation are discussed.Comment: 18 pages, RevTeX, 7 EPS figures include