Laser photoplethysmography in integrated evaluation of collateral circulation of lower extremities

The paper evaluated the diagnostic value of laser photoplethysmography when examining patients with chronic lower limb ischemia. A statistical analysis of the research results was made, and diagrams of relationship between the degrees of ischemia and blood flow are presented

Metrological conditions of strain measurement optoelectronic method by the use of the fibre Bragg gratings

This article presents a linear strain measurement method insensitive to temperature variations and using fibre Bragg gratings. Two Bragg gratings were applied with periods selected to obtain partial coverage of their spectrum characteristics. One of the gratings was subjected to a tension strength. Placing both gratings in one thermal chamber allowed - through ensuring the same thermal conditions - to obtain insensitivity of the entire scheme to temperature variations. The gratings were recorded on the same optical fibre and reacted to temperature variations in the same degree. Value of strain was indicated based on the transmission spectrum characteristic of two grating schemes. The use of transmission, not reflectance, characteristics of the gratings allowed for a direct measurement of the spectrum, without having to use a coupler or optical circulators, and at the same time, this allowed to simplify the strain detection scheme. We proposed applying the continuous wavelet transform with characteristics of the spectrum scheme of two gratings for improvement of static properties. Especially, the thermal linearity and stability of the sensor was improved. For a strain range up to 750 με, the non-linearity error of processing characteristic obtained was 0.45%. Thermal stability of the scheme proposed was defined as relative sensitivity of the power to temperature variations. The mean value of such relative sensitivity of the scheme proposed in the temperature scope of 21°C-95°C, amounted to 0.195

Generation of a zone chirp in uniform Bragg grating as a way of obtaining double functionality of a sensor

This paper presents a method of using a sensor with uniform Bragg grating with appropriately generated zone chirp. The presented method can be used for measuring two physical quantities, namely strain and temperature. By providing the same temperature sensitivity and different sensitivity to strain of two parts of a sensor, and experimental measurement of qualities of the proposed system and its calibration (experimental determination of sensitivity), verification of the results obtained from laboratory tests and the possibility of its practical implementation has been confirmed. The sensor grating was placed in such a way that its half was in the zone of a variable value of axial strain caused by changes of the cross-section of the sample. The other half, however, was in the zone of a constant cross-section of the sample and of constant value of strain, caused by the force stretching the sample. The obtained errors of non-linearity of processing characteristics for measuring strain and temperature of the proposed system were 2.7% and 1.5% respectively, while coefficients of sensitivity to strain and temperature were 0.77 x 10-6 m/e and 4.13 x 10-12 m/K respectively. The maximum differences between the values obtained from the indirect measurement and the set values were 110 žε for strain and 3.8°C for temperature, for a strain of 2500 žε and a temperature of 40°C

The uncertainty analysis of the strain distribution recovery of the fiber Bragg grating on the basis of its spectra

W artykule przedstawiono analizę niepewności wyznaczenia parametrów siatki Bragga na podstawie jej widma. Analizowane parametry to okresy siatki mierzone w kilku obszarach, na jej długości, które zostały zastosowane do wyznaczenia jej wydłużenia względnego. Do obliczeń zastosowano analizę odwrotną. Zdefiniowano zadanie wprost, a przy wykorzystaniu modelu siatki i iteracyjnego algorytmu symulowanego wyżarzania zaprezentowano rozwiązanie zadania odwrotnego, polegającego na wyznaczeniu zmian wydłużenia względnego siatki na podstawie jej charakterystyk spektralnych.This paper outlines the uncertainty analysis of the fiber Bragg grating strain distribution recovery. The grating spectra was used to carry out the analysis above. The inverse problem solution was also discussed. Analyzed parameters (grating period values), were distributed in a few points along the grating length. On the basis of the Bragg grating period values its strain values were determined. The inverse analysis was used for calculations. Initially the forward problem was defined. Then the inverse problem solution was presented by the use of the mathematical model of the Bragg grating sensor and the presented simulated annealing algorithm. The inverse problem depends on recovery of the strain distribution of the grating on its spectra basis. The measurement uncertainty was treated as a difference between the spectra values from the measurement and the real value of this spectra. This uncertainty characterizes the scatter (range width) inside which we could locate the spectra values with the satisfactory probability. As a uncertainty measure we accepted the standard deviation of the indirect measurement or in other words the root mean squared error. Six spectra of the grating were analyzed. In every case we checked if the changes of the spectra measurement uncertainty (root mean squared error between two spectra) had an influence on the uncertainty of the strain distribution recovery

Modeling of the fiber Bragg grating structures used in sensing systems

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki symulacji różnych siatek Bragga mających na celu określenie czy możliwe jest zastosowanie ich w układach czujnikowych, np. naprężeń. Autorzy opisali modele najczęściej produkowanych i wykorzystywanych obecnie siatek. Dla uzyskania ilościowych informacji o efektywności dyfrakcji i jej wpływie na charakterystyki widmowe siatki Bragga wykorzystana została teoria modów sprzężonych. Badania symulacyjne potwierdzono badaniami laboratoryjnymi.The paper presents the simulation results of many different types of fiber Bragg gratings simulations. The FBG models chosen and presented in this article are the most common produced and used models. We used the coupled-mode theory for the quantitative information results about the grating diffraction efficiency and its influence on the FBG spectrum. Simulations are confirmed by the laboratory measurements

Strain distribution sensor based on the fiber Bragg grating

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję czujnika do pomiaru rozkładu naprężenia przy wykorzystaniu światłowodowych siatek Bragga (FBG - ang.: Fiber Bragg Grating). Opisano wykorzystanie metody symulowanego wyżarzania, zastosowanej do rekonstrukcji światłowodowej siatki Bragga, poddanej różnym rozkładom naprężenia. Zamieszczone wyniki analizy wskazują, iż możliwe jest określenie rozkładu naprężenia na bardzo małych powierzchniach rzędu kilku milimetrów.The conception of the simulated annealing method, used to reconstruction of the fiber Bragg grating, is presented in this paper. The fiber Bragg grating was used as a distributed strain sensor. Results and conclusions, which have flown out from our article, prove us that it's possible to determine the strain distribution in the FBG element. In this work the inverse problem technique is used. The inverse problem for our grating is to pass from the grating spectra to the refractive index modulation. We use the global optimization algorithm for solution of the inverse problem. The knowledge about the refraction index modulation phase, in each point of the grating, allow direct definition of the physical quantity (in our case: the strain), which evoke this change. First, we use the transfer matrix method to calculate the reconstructed grating spectrums in different grating parameters, and then we use simulated annealing algorithm to search a reconstructed spectrum that will be in agreement with the measured spectrum

Initial evaluation of the strain profiles determination methods by using of the fiber Bragg grating

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję zastosowania światłowodowej siatki Bragga w charakterze czujnika do pomiaru rozkładu naprężenia na długości siatki. Zaprezentowano wyniki wstępnej oceny przydatności wybranych metod numerycznego rozwiązywania problemu odwrotnego dla wyznaczenia rozkładu naprężeń na podstawie spektralnej charakterystyki transmisyjnej siatki. Wyniki sugerują, że metoda symulowanego wyżarzania może zapewnić dużą dokładność wyznaczenia profilu i jednocześnie małą wrażliwość na warunki początkowe.The paper presents a concept of an application of a fibre optic Bragg grating as a strain distribution sensor. Initial assessment is done concerning applicability of selected numeric methods, for solving an inverse problem, to a reconstruction of strain distribution from a transmission spectrum of a Bragg grating. The results suggest, that the method of a simmulated annealing can provide high reconstruction accuracy accompanied by low sensitivity to initial conditions

Determine intensity of stress by finite element method and boundary element method

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie analizy odwrotnej do wyznaczania rozkładu wydłużenia. W tym celu wykorzystany został czujnik ze światłowodową siatką Bragga (ang. fiber bragg grating - FBG). Omówiono sposób rozwiązania zadania wprost. Symulacje komputerowe przeprowadzone zostały przy zastosowaniu algorytmów numerycznych realizujących obliczenia zgodnie z matematyczną strukturą modelu i uwzględniających wartości wszystkich pozostałych elementów czujnika FBG. Dokonano również badania doświadczalne przy wykorzystaniu zbudowanego stanowiska pomiarowego.In this article show inverse problem to determine intensity of stress We use the fiber Bragg gratings as a strain sensor, and we have carried out distributed strain measurements by using of optimization algorithms. Numerical methods for resolve the inverse problem are necessary to recover the strain distribution, which was measured by using of FBG element

Flame emission spectrum analysis as an inverse problem in indirect measurements

Artykuł przedstawia problem pomiarów in situ zawartości gazów oraz temperatury w procesach spalania. Pomiary takie przeprowadzone być mogą z wykorzystaniem spektrometru FTIR o otwartej ścieżce pomiarowej. Analizę widm transmisyjnych oraz emisyjnych procesów o zmieniającej się temperaturze potraktować można jako rozwiązanie zagadnienia odwrotnego. Zagadnienie proste jest wtedy modelowaniem widm w zależności od temperatury oraz zawartości składników. Przedstawiono pomiary promieniowania procesu spalania oraz ich analizę ilościową z wykorzystaniem opisanej metody.The paper presents a problem of in-situ measurements of gas concentration and temperature of combustion processes. Such measurements can be carried out by using an open path FTIR. The analysis of transmission and emission spectra of changeable temperature processes can be treated as an inverse problem. Modelling of the spectrum as a function of temperature and species concentration is then a direct problem. In this paper there are presented combustion process measurements and the quantitative analysis as an inverse problem is performed. In the introduction the need for investigations of the combustion process is discussed. Recently biomass gasification and combustion have been playing a significant role due to the environmental protection. What is important, the process should be analysed by an in-situ method. The access to some processes can be so difficult that only remote measurements are possible. In those cases an OP-FTIR spectrometer (Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) can be used. The analysis of the classical FTIR spectrum is shown in Section 2. This method consists in using a set of calibration samples for preparing the calibration curve. Unknown concentration of species is determined with this curve. Calibration and measurements have to be carried out in the same temperature. Section 3 describes the problem of simultaneous analysis of concentration and temperature of gases based on infrared spectrum measurements. The inverse problem method is one of the solutions of this problem. The direct problem consists in modeling the spectrum modeling of known temperature and concentration. There are two kinds of methods for modeling the synthetic spectrum of gases - physical (line by line) and statistical one. The spectra in Fig. 3 are calculated for the temperature profiles of Fig. 2. The misfit minimisation between the synthetic and measurement spectrum by means of an optimization method is called the inverse problem. Section 4 describes the measurements of the process infrared spectrum. The spectrum measurements based on the spectral gas models and the inverse problem are analysed. The FTIR spectra measured are shown in Figs. 7 and 9, whereas the adequate analyses are depicted in Figs. 6 and 8. The paper is summarised with some conclusions