Phylogenetic analysis of avipoxvirus from British birds based on the 4b core protein.

<p>Neighbor-joining phylogram with bootstrap values (1000 replicates) of >90% shown. Sequences derived in this study are indicated with an asterisk. Details of avian pox isolates from UK non-Paridae species are in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040176#pone.0040176.s006" target="_blank">Table S2</a>. Details of Genbank listed avian pox isolates are in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040176#pone.0040176.s007" target="_blank">Table S3</a>. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site.</p

Spatial distribution and clustering patterns of avian pox in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts, 2006–2010.

<p>Maps showing the spatial distribution of avian pox in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts in each year of the study, as well as the results of K-function analysis to detect clustering of pox cases. Standardised K values (L<i>(d)</i> values, solid line) are presented as a function of increasing distance (0 to 350 km), and in relation to the 95% null simulation envelope (dotted lines). The location and spatial extent of statistically significant pox clusters accounting for heterogeneity in reporting rate (determined from SatScan spatial cluster analysis using county human household numbers as the background population) are shown by orange circles. Counties encompassed within clusters are shaded in red. Also shown are the log-likelihood ratio (LLR), the relative risk of infection (RR) and the significance (P value) of each of the identified SatScan clusters. Note that while pox cases were assigned to their county of origin for this analysis, they are plotted on these maps at their actual locations.</p

Transmission electron micrograph of avian pox virions from a skin lesion in a great tit (Case 4, Sussex, October 2007).

<p>Transmission electron micrograph of avian pox virions from a skin lesion in a great tit (Case 4, Sussex, October 2007).</p

Typical avian pox lesions in a great tit at a garden feeding station (Sussex, September 2007).

<p>Typical avian pox lesions in a great tit at a garden feeding station (Sussex, September 2007).</p

Seasonality of avian pox incidents in Paridae and non-Paridae species, 2007–2010.

<p>In 2006, a single suspect Paridae incident was reported in January and a second in August; all five non-Paridae incidents were reported from July to September inclusive.</p

Spatio-temporal clustering of avian pox infections in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts from 2006 to 2010.

<p>Maps showing locations of avian pox incidents in Paridae and non-Paridae hosts in each year of the study, along with the locations and spatial extent of significant (P<0.05) spatiotemporal clusters detected by the space-time permutation scan statistic model. The temporal extent of clusters is given in the tables below the maps.</p

Seasonal incidence of opportunistic reports in all garden bird mortality 2001–2006.

<p>Hatched bars – winter (Dec-Feb), open bars – spring (March–May), stippled bars – summer (June–Aug) and black bars - autumn (Sept-Nov). Note break in axis indicating an unprecedented level of reporting in autumn 2006.</p

Distribution of finch trichomonosis incidents in 2006.

<p>Gardens reporting at least one incident of finch trichomonosis (large red dots) and all other sites (small yellow dots) contributing to the systematic survey. The shading indicates relative incidence of trichomonosis recorded by the opportunistic survey (incidents per thousand households for each county interpolated from county centroids). The heavy lines delineate areas of High, Intermediate and Low incidence, based on the opportunistic survey data.</p

Regional change in greenfinch occurrence in gardens in response to trichomonosis.

<p>Mean reporting rate from GBW of greenfinch, chaffinch and dunnock in spring 2005/06 (filled bars) and 2007 (open bars) in areas of Low, Intermediate and High incidence of trichomonosis incidence (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012215#pone-0012215-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>). Bars represent 95% confidence limits.</p

Seasonal variation in greenfinch occurrence in gardens.

<p>(a) Reporting rate for greenfinch in all GBW gardens for the years 1996–2005 (grey lines), 2006 (red) and 2007 (blue). (b) Fitted seasonal pattern of mean peak greenfinch count in 828 GBW gardens with complete counts in 2005. (c) Difference in mean peak count throughout the year between 2005 and 2006 for greenfinch, dashed lines represent 95% confidence limits.</p