ВИБІР МІНІМАЛЬНОГО РАДІУСУ КРИВИХ ПРИ ПРОЕКТУВАННІ ВИСОКОШВИДКІСНИХ ЗАЛІЗНИЦЬ

In article foreign norms of designing of high-speed railways and influence of the minimal radius of a curve on cost indexes of a line are examined. Recommendations on application of those or other norms are given.В статье рассматриваются зарубежные нормы проектирования высокоскоростных железных дорог и влияние минимального радиуса кривой на стоимостные показатели трассы. Даются рекомендации по применению тех или иных нормУ статті розглядаються зарубіжні норми проектування високошвидкісних залізниць і вплив мінімального радіуса кривої на вартісні показники траси. Даються рекомендації щодо застосування тих чи інших норм

Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban, rural, and high-altitude sites in India

Temporal and spatial variability in the absorption coefficient (b<SUB>abs</SUB>, Mm<SUP>-1</SUP>) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE, σ<SUB>abs</SUB>, m<SUP>2</SUP>g<SUP>-1</SUP>) of elemental carbon (EC) in atmospheric aerosols studied from urban, rural, and high-altitude sites is reported here. Ambient aerosols, collected on tissuquartz filters, are analyzed for EC mass concentration using thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer, wherein simultaneously measured optical-attenuation (ATN, equivalent to initial transmittance) of 678 nm laser source has been used for the determination of MAE and absorption coefficient. At high-altitude sites, measured ATN and surface EC loading (EC<SUB>s</SUB>, μg cm<SUP>-2</SUP>) on the filters exhibit linear positive relationship (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.86-0.96), suggesting EC as a principal absorbing component. However, relatively large scatter in regression analyses for the data from urban sites suggests contribution from other species. The representative MAE of EC, during wintertime (Dec 2004), at a rural site (Jaduguda) is 6.1 ± 2.0 m<SUP>2</SUP>g<SUP>-1</SUP>. In contrast, MAE at the two high-altitude sites is 14.5 ± 1.1 (Manora Peak) and 10.4 ± 1.4 (Mt. Abu); and that at urban sites is 11.1 ± 2.6 (Allahabad) and 11.3 ± 2.2 m<SUP>2</SUP>g<SUP>-1</SUP> (Hisar). The long-term average MAE at Manora Peak (February 2005 to June 2007) is 12.8 ± 2.9 m<SUP>2</SUP>g<SUP>-1</SUP> (range: 6.1-19.1 m<SUP>2</SUP>g<SUP>-1</SUP>). These results are unlike the constant conversion factor used for MAE in optical instruments for the determination of BC mass concentration. The absorption coefficient also shows large spatiotemporal variability; the lower values are typical of the high-altitude sites and higher values for the urban and rural atmosphere. Such large variability documented for the absorption parameters suggests the need for their suitable parametrization in the assessment of direct aerosol radiative forcing on a regional scale

Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC, OC and WSOC over Northern India

The atmospheric abundances of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) have been measured in aerosol samples collected during wintertime (December-March) from selected sites (urban, rural and high-altitude) in northern India. A characteristic feature of their abundance pattern, at urban sites, is reflected in the OC/EC ratios (range: 2.4-14.5, Av=7.8±2.4, n=77) indicating dominant contribution from biomass burning sources (wood-fuel and agriculture waste). This is in sharp contrast to the OC/EC ratios at a rural site (range: 2.1-4.0, Av=3.1±0.6, n=7) influenced by emissions from coal-fired industries. The long-term measurements made from a high-altitude site (~2000 m amsl) reveal significantly lower abundances of EC and OC; suggesting that boundary layer dynamics (during wintertime) play an important role in efficient trapping of pollutants within the Indo-Gangetic Plain (northern India). The WSOC/OC ratios are fairly uniform (~0.35) in aerosols over urban sites but relatively enhanced contribution of WSOC and higher ratios (~0.5) at a high-altitude site emphasizes the significance of secondary organic aerosols. The comprehensive data set on EC, OC and WSOC/OC ratios from northern India is crucial to improve model parameterization of carbonaceous aerosols for atmospheric scattering and absorption of solar radiation on a regional scale

Передній заочеревинний міжтіловий корпородез на нижньопоперековому рівні

14 cases of various pathology of inferior lumbar spine treatment results were analyzed. The anterior interbody fusion has been performed at all patients using cylindrical titanium implant of container type. Retroperitoneal surgical approach to lumbar spine, spinal decompression and further stabilization were described in details. It was found out that proposed method of dural sack and neural roots decompression is more effective than posterior approach technique. Good functional outcome was achieved in all cases. The described method was recommended at spondilolystesis of I–II degree, large posteromedial hernias. The method is most effective at patients with recurrent posteromedial hernias with severe scarring of anterior extradural space.Проанализированы результаты лечения 14 больных по поводу различной патологии нижнепоясничного отдела позвоночника. Всем больным осуществлен передний межтеловой корпородез, установлен цилиндрический титановый имплант контейнерного типа. Подробно описан метод выполнения переднего забрюшинного доступа к поясничным позвонкам, декомпрессии позвоночного канала с последующей стабилизацией оперированного сегмента титановым имплантом. Установлено, что предложенный метод декомпрессии дурального мешка и нервных корешков более эффективен, чем декомпрессия с использованием заднего доступа. Во всех наблюдениях достигнут хороший клинический эффект. Рекомендовано применение метода при спондилолистезе І–ІІ степени, больших заднесрединных грыжах. Особенно метод эффективен у больных при рецидиве заднесрединных грыж и выраженном рубцово-спаечном процессе передних отделов эпидурального пространства.Проаналізовані результати лікування 14 пацієнтів з приводу різноманітної патології нижньопоперекового відділу хребта. Всім хворим здійснений передній міжтіловий корпородез, встановлений циліндричний титановий імплант контейнерного типу. Докладно описаний метод переднього заочеревинного доступу до поперекових хребців, декомпресії хребтового каналу з подальшою стабілізацією оперованого сегмента за допомогою титанового імпланта. Встановлено, що цей метод декомпресії дурального мішка більш ефективний, ніж декомпресія з використанням заднього доступу. В усіх спостереженнях отриманий хороший клінічний ефект. Рекомендоване використання методу за наявності спондилолістезу І–ІІ ступеня, великих задньосерединних гриж. Особливо ефективний метод у хворих з рецидивами задньосерединних гриж та значним рубцевим процесом передніх відділів епідурального простору

Day-night variability of EC, OC, WSOC and inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain: implications to secondary aerosol formation

This manuscript reports on the day- and night-time variability of EC, OC, WSOC and inorganic ions in ambient aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10) sampled from an urban site (Kanpur) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The chemical data also provide evidence for the secondary aerosol formation and variability in the composition of particulate matter. The aerosol mass is dominated by fine-mode particles and PM2.5/PM10 mass ratio exhibit significant temporal variability (range: 0.46 to 0.86). The chemical composition suggests that total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA = 1.6 × OC + EC) and water-soluble inorganic species (WSIS) account for nearly 50 and 20% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. The mass concentrations of PM2.5, EC and OC show about 30% increase during night-time. A significant linear relation between EC-OC (R2 = 0.66) and OC-K+ (R2 = 0.59) and their characteristic ratios suggest biomass burning emission as a dominant source. The average WSOC/OC ratio is relatively high in the day-time samples (0.66 ± 0.11) compared to that in the night-time (0.47 ± 0.07); suggesting increased contribution of secondary organic aerosols. The mass fraction of particulate NO3- increases by a factor of five during night-time due to relatively stable NH4NO3 and/or its secondary formation from the hydrolysis of N2O5. Although the concentration of SO42- is noticeably higher during day-time (~20%), the day-night variability of particulate-NH4+ is insignificant. The concentrations of OC, EC and inorganic species (K+, NH4+, NO3- and SO42-) show 2 to 4 fold increase during the haze events

Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India: sources and temporal variability

Based on the time-series analyses of bulk-aerosol samples, we report on the large-scale temporal variability in the atmospheric abundances of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) at two high-altitude sites, Manora Peak (1950 m asl in north India) and Mt. Abu (1680 m asl in western India). The total suspended particulate (TSP) mass concentration in the ambient atmosphere also exhibits large seasonal variability at both the sites; varying from 13.4 to 432.3 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP> at Mt. Abu and 12.7 to 271.7 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP> at Manora Peak. The relatively high abundance of TSP, occurring during Apr-Jun, is associated with enhanced contribution from mineral dust. Both, OC and EC abundances at Manora Peak are nearly 2-3 times higher than those at Mt. Abu; the minimum concentrations occurring during the high-dust season (Apr-Jun) and monsoon season (Jul-Aug) and maximum in winter months (Dec-Mar). At Mt. Abu, annual-average abundances of OC (range: 0.9-12.3 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP>; Av = 3.7 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP>) and EC (range: 0.06-2.3 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP>; Av = 0.5 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP>) account for about 10 and 2% of the TSP, respectively. In contrast, annual-average concentrations of OC and EC at Manora Peak are 8.7 µg m-3 (range: 2.0-22.3 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP>) and 1.1 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP> (range: 0.14-2.7 µg m<SUP>-3</SUP>), respectively; and account for about 14 and 2% of the TSP. The OC/EC ratios at the two sites (Manora Peak, range: 4.8-14.9 and Mt. Abu, range: 3.0-11.5) are significantly higher compared to those reported in the literature (2.0-3.0) for the urban regions. The high OC/EC ratios and low EC concentrations are attributed to relative dominance of organic carbon derived from biomass burning (crop waste). The average contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA; TCA = 1.6 × OC + EC) to TSP is ~24% at Manora Peak and ~16% at Mt. Abu is only 15%. The relatively high contribution of TCA, at Manora Peak, is influenced by the regional emission sources in north India. The contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to OC, calculated based on minimum OC/EC ratio method, averages around 27% at Manora Peak and 16% at Mt. Abu; and brings to focus its significant role on a regional scale. The low EC concentration together with significant contribution of OC and SOC to TCA and their temporal variability suggests reassessment of relative amounts of absorbing (BC) and scattering (OC) species used in the radiative forcing models on a regional scale

Temporal trends in atmospheric PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>, PM<SUB>10</SUB>, elemental carbon, organic carbon, water-soluble organic carbon, and optical properties: impact of biomass burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain

The first simultaneous measurements and analytical data on atmospheric concentrations of PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>, PM<SUB>10</SUB>, inorganic constituents, carbonaceous species, and their optical properties (aerosol optical depth, AOD; absorption coefficient, b<SUB>abs</SUB>; mass absorption efficiency, σ <SUB>abs</SUB>; and single scattering albedo, SSA) from an urban site (Kanpur) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain are reported here. Significantly high aerosol mass concentration (&gt;100 μ g m<SUP>-3</SUP>) and AOD (&gt; 0.3) are seen as a characteristic feature throughout the sampling period, from October 2008 to April 2009. The temporal variability in the mass fractions of carbonaceous species (EC, OC, and WSOC) is pronounced during October-January when emissions from biomass burning are dominant and OC is a major constituent (~30%) of PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass. The WSOC/OC ratio varies from 0.21 to 0.65, suggesting significant contribution from secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). The mass fraction of SO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>2-</SUP> in PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> (Av: 12.5%) exceeds that of NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> and NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP>. Aerosol absorption coefficient (@ 678 nm) decreases from 90 Mm<SUP>-1</SUP> (in December) to 20 Mm<SUP>-1</SUP> (in April), and a linear regression analysis of the data for b<SUB>abs</SUB> and EC (n = 54) provides a measure of the mass absorption efficiency of EC (9.6 m<SUP>2</SUP> g<SUP>-1</SUP>). In contrast, scattering coefficient (@ 678 nm) increases from 98 Mm<SUP>-1</SUP> (in January) to 1056 Mm<SUP>-1</SUP> (in April) and an average mass scattering efficiency of 3.0 ± 0.9 m<SUP>2</SUP> g<SUP>-1</SUP> is obtained for PM<SUB>10</SUB> samples. The highest bscat was associated with the dust storm event (April 17, 2009) over northern Iraq, eastern Syria, and southern Turkey; thus, resulting in high SSA (0.93 ± 0.02) during March-April compared to 0.82 ± 0.04 in October-February. These results have implications to large temporal variability in the atmospheric radiative forcing due to aerosols over northern India

Inter-comparison of thermal and optical methods for determination of atmospheric black carbon and attenuation coefficient from an urban location in northern India

The simultaneous measurements of black carbon (BC, based on Aethalometer) and elemental carbon (EC, using thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer) in airborne particles collected from an urban location (Kanpur) in northern India are reported here. The strategy for site-selection is most relevant in order to assess the relative dominance of emissions from coal-fired industries, fossil-fuel combustion and biomass burning on the seasonal variability of EC (BC) concentrations. An inter-comparison of the analytical data (n = 32) suggests that BC mass concentration is ~20% higher than that of EC. However, attenuation coefficient (b<SUB>ATN</SUB>) measured by the two analytical instruments shows good agreement (slope = 0.97, n = 27), establishing the validity of b<SUB>ATN</SUB> derived from thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer. Furthermore, slope (20.7 m<SUP>2</SUP> g<SUP>-1</SUP>) of a linear-fit to the data (n = 48, R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.86) for surface EC concentration (EC<SUB>s</SUB> ≤ 8 µg C cm<SUP>-2</SUP>) and optical-attenuation (ATN ≤ 180) measured at 678 nm on thermo-optical analyzer provides an independent and novel way of determining the "site-specific" attenuation cross-section (σ<SUB>ATN</SUB>)

Продуктивність та стійкість до уражень біотичними чинниками ліній-батьківських компонентів гібридів кукурудзи за використання біопрепаратів в умовах зрошення

Purpose and objectives. The purpose was to improve the existing technology of growing parents of innovative maize hybrids on irrigated lands by evaluating the impact of new biologicals on plant diseases, pest infestation and seed yield under irrigation in the Southern Steppe.Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS in 2019–2020. Factor A – parental lines belonging to various ripening groups (DK 445, DK 411, DK 281, and DK 247) included in the pedigree of hybrids Stepovyi, Skadovskyi, Azov, Arabat, Chonhar, Vira, Oleshkivskyi, Hileia and others bred at the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS and the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. Factor B - treatment of maize parents with innovative biologicals – Fluorescein BT, Trichopsin BT, Biospectrum BT. The methods were conventional for irrigation conditions and maize breeding studies.Results and discussion. The studied biologicals had positive effects on resistance to fungal diseases. The development of blister smut (Ustilago zeae Beckm.) on early-ripening line DK 281 was influenced by all the biologicals. Fluorescein BТ reduced the disease incidence by 1.9%; Trichopsin BG – by 3.0%; Biospectrum BT – by 3.2%. The incidence of Fusarium head blight was also decreased by biologicals. Biospectrum BT was the most effective agent. The incidence of Fusarium head blight in the lines decreased by 2.8–4.0%. The lowest incidence of Fusarium wilt was recorded in line DK 247 treated with Biospectrum BT – 8.9%. Corn borer infestation was reduced by Trichopsin BT and Biospectrum BT, which have both insecticide/fungicidal and growth-stimulating effects. The reduction in the incidence was 2.3–2.8%, depending on the genotype of the lines. Treatment with biologicals improved the cob structure of the studied lines. Trichopsin BT and Biospectrum BT had the greatest effects on the cob parameters. Due to Biospectrum BT, the cob length increased by 5.2–6.7%, the cob diameter – by 2.0–4.9%, and the cob grain weight – by 3.0–7.1%. The results of measurement of the yields from the parents (maize lines) showed that under irrigation the average performance of the studied maize lines ranged 3.75 to 6.11 t/ha, depending on the genotype of the lines (factor A) and the use of biologicals.Conclusions. It was found that biologicals Fluorescein BT, Trichopsin BT, and Biospectrum BT reduced the damage to maize lines induced by blister smut, Fusarium wilt, and corn borer by 0.9–4.2%. Treatment with Biospectrum BT ensured the highest grain yields from the maize parent, which averaged 4.63 t/ha, the gain in the yield was 0.44 t/ha or 10.5%. Treatment with Trichopsin BT had a positive effect on the yield, which averaged 4.54 t/ha, providing a gain in the yield of 0.35 t/ha or of 8.4%. Treatment with Fluorescein BT increased the yield by 0.14 t/ha or by 3.3%. Biospectrum BT was the most effective agent, which provided a significant reduction in the damage to the maize lines caused by fungal diseases and pestsУстановлено влияние микробиологических препаратов инсекто-фунгицидного и ростстимулирующего действия на биометрические показатели, структуру продуктивности, устойчивость к пораженности грибными заболеваниями и вредителями линий-родительских компонентов современных гибридов кукурузы. Выявлена реакция четырех линий-родительских компонентов ДК 445, ДК 411, ДК 281, ДК 247, входящих в родословную гибридов Степовой, Скадовский, Азов, Арабат, Чонгар, Вера, Олешкивський, Гилея и других. Установлено, что биопрепараты Флуоресцин БТ, Трихопсин БТ, Биоспектр БТ имеют минимальное влияние на биометрические показатели линий кукурузы. Однако эти препараты оказали положительное влияние на повышение устойчивости к пузырчатой головне кукурузы (Ustilago zeae Beckm.), фузариозу качана (Fusarium moniliforme Scheld.), стеблевому (кукурузному) мотыльку (Ostrinia nubilalis). Обработка вегетирующих растений привела к повышению урожайности семян линий-родительских компонентов гибридовУстановлено вплив мікробіологічних препаратів інсекто-фунгіцидної та рістстимулюючої дії на біометричні показники, структуру продуктивності, стійкість до ураженості грибними захворюваннями та шкідниками ліній-батьківських компонентів сучасних гібридів кукурудзи. Виявлено реакцію чотирьох ліній-батьківських компонентів ДК 445, ДК 411, ДК 281, ДК 247, що входять до родоводу гібридів Степовий, Скадовський, Азов, Арабат, Чонгар, Віра, Олешківський, Гілея та інших. Установлено, що біопрепарат Флуоресцин  БТ, Трихопсин БТ,  Біоспектр БТ мають мінімальний вплив на біометричні показники ліній кукурудзи. Проте ці препарати мали позитивний вплив на підвищення стійкості до пухирчастої сажки кукурудзи (Ustilago zeae Beckm.), фузаріозу качана (Fusarium moniliforme Scheld.), стеблового (кукурудзяний) метелика (Ostrinia nubilalis). Оброблення вегетуючих рослин призвело до підвищення врожайності насіння ліній-батьківських компонентів гібриді