Milk composition changes during mastitis.

No abstract availabl

Outbreak of teat lesions in a herd in Northland.

No abstract availabl

The role of the milking machine in the aetiology and epidemiology of bovine mastitis.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that causes major economic losses In developed dairy countries. A great deal of research has been directed toward the identification of machine factors related to mastitis. The milking machine has little effect on the new mastitis infection rate if it is installed, operated and functions according to internationally recognised standards. Its role in causing mastitis is often overestimated. It has proven difficult to produce mastitis experimentally soley by altering machine functions within accepted parameters. Although not a direct prerequisite for mastitis, the milking machine has significant effects upon the aetiology and epidemiology of mastitis. These effects may operate directly by increasing the new intramammary infection rate, or indirectly by increasing the risk of exposure of the mammary gland to mastitis-causing organisms, and reducing disease resistance in the cow

A longitudinal study of mastitis on an experimental farm with two herds, one managed organically, the other conventionally.

Mastitis in two herds managed as a comparison between organic and conventional dairy farming systems was monitored for 4 years utilising regular bacterial culture of milk samples, individual and bulk somatic cell counts and observation by farm staff. The objective was to develop strategies for the control of mastitis in organic cows without the use of antibiotics. The herds showed differences in clinical mastitis incidence, subclinical mastitis prevalence and bulk milk somatic cell count. Despite these differences, the level of mastitis in the organic herd remained manageable

Surgical manipulation of soft and bone tissue in contemporary dental implantology

Adequate and correct manipulation of soft and bone tissues during implant therapy is extremely important. Knowledge of the biological, histological and of course the surgical characteristics of the tissues can largely be a predictor of the correct implant prosthetic rehabilitation. The main aim of this research was to describe all aspects of surgical manipulation of the soft and bone tissues during the dental implantology procedures. We have made adequate literature research for articles relevant to our topic-surgical manipulation of the soft and hard tissues during the dental implantology procedures published in the last two decades (2001-2021). Kew words used for the research were: “surgical manipulation”, “dental implantology”, “soft tissues”, “bone tissues” and their combination. Each implantologist should take into account the biological limitations of each patient, as well as the technical limitations that may occur during the treatment. Oral soft tissues can be affected during the various stages of the implant treatment. During the planning of a surgical intervention such as the placement of an implant, regardless of whether it is an immediate or a delayed loading implant, it is necessary to have an adequate manipulation of the surrounding soft tissue and bone structures. When designing the flap should be taken into account the degree of accessibility required to access the bone, as well as the final position of the flap. It is also of great importance to take into account the preservation of good blood supply to the flap. Based on the exposure of bone after elevation, flaps can be classified as either full-thickness or mucoperiosteal flaps and partial-thickness or mucosal flaps. Depending on how the interdental papilla will be treated, the incisions can either divide the papilla (conventional incision) or preserve it (papilla-preserving incision). Based on the placement of flaps after surgery, they can be classified as: 1) nondisplaced flaps, where the flap is returned and sutured to its original position, or 2) displaced flaps, which are placed apically, coronally, or laterally from their original position. The work in bone is quite complex and requires knowledge of its morphological and histological characteristics. When working on bone, and especially when placing dental implants, it is necessary to note that it is necessary to enable constant cooling. The improvement of old techniques and the development of new technologies have created a revolution in oral implantology, and now a therapist has numerous therapeutic options that can be incorporated into daily practice to facilitate the surgical approach itself. Hard-tissue and soft-tissue dental lasers, which are constantly improving and have a wide range of indications, are becoming a part of everyday dental practice and also show significant advantages compared to conventional instruments and techniques when placing dental implants. Therefore, over time they will become an invaluable and irreplaceable tool in modern dental implantology. After the performed extensive and deductive literature review, it can be concluded that from particular importance is the correct manipulation of soft and bone tissues during dental implantation. After tooth extraction, the placement of dental implants is largely determined by the integrity of existing hard and soft tissues, such as the aesthetic outcome from the prosthodontic suprastructure over dental implants. Careful assessment of soft and bone tissue loss during implantation is paramount to the success of aesthetic implant procedures

Dental Prosthetic Status and Prosthetic Needs of Institutionalized Elderly Population in Long-Term Residence in Skopje, Republic of N. Macedonia

Aim: Taking into consideration the poor oral health among the institutionalized elderly people the aim of this study was established: to determine the prosthetic status of the institutionalized elderly in the department "Mother Teresa", nursing home for long-term care in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Materials and Methods: Total number of 73 patients older than 65 years were examined. Research was conducted in the period from April to July 2018. Throughout the dental history we were noting whether the examined subjects wear prosthetic devices and whether they have problems with them. Also, the examinees were asked what are their dominant dental treatment needs. A thorough examination determined the presence and need of prosthetic appliances. Oral hygiene assessment of the prosthetic devices was done. Results: The study revealed that less than half of the participants wear prosthetic devices (exactly 42.7%). A large percentage from the participants who have prosthetic devices (64.5%) were complaining of difficulties associated with wearing dentures. Most of the examined elderly participants (53.23%) need various prosthetic treatments Total anodontia was registered in 47.95% of the surveyed elderly. Conclusion: The need for dental interventions is high, because the use of prostheses is quite low. Numerous problems associated with the use of prosthetic devices were noted. High prevalence of bimaxillary total anodontia and absence of prosthetic devices despite their unavoidable need is characteristic of institutionalized elderly. Also, unsatisfactory hygiene of prosthetic devices was noticed in our study. Keywords: Dental Prosthetic Status; Prosthetic Need; Geriatric Dentistry; Edentulous; Gerodontolog

Assessment of aesthetic effects after laser-assisted crown lengthening in the frontal aesthetic regions

INTRODUCTION: The crown lengthening in the frontal aesthetic regions includes removal of the incorrectly positioned gingiva and restoration of its margins, within acceptable limits for aesthetics. The crown lengthening can be performed much simpler with the help of lasers. Starting from the fact that aesthetic smile is more demanded by patients, as well as due to the advantages that laser light has, the main goal was set - to make an assessment of aesthetic effect of laser-assisted crown lengthening in the upper frontal region. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The total number of subjects was 35. In order to fulfill the main goal, adequate questionnaire for subjective assessment of the achieved aesthetics with the help of prosthetic restorations by the patients was done. A small part of the questionnaire was done by the dentists who performed the interventions for assessment of the achieved aesthetics. RESULTS: Over ninety percent of the subjects indicated that with the help of the restorations, an improved aesthetic effect it gained. Most of the subjects subjectively estimated that they had a significant improvement in aesthetics, in contrast equal number of clinical doctors estimated that significant and a moderate improvement in aesthetics were achieved. CONCLUSION: Based on this research, we can conclude that usage of the laser in the clinical crown lengthening procedures is characterized by a significantly improved aesthetics, assessed by the patients and by the dentists. Кeywords: aesthetics, aesthetic effect, crown lengthening, laser-assisted crown lengthenin

Локални антимикробни агенси во третманот на пародонталната болест

Употребата на локални антимикробни агенси во третманот на пародонталната болест се смета дека претставува значително дополнение на конвенционалните механички терапевтски модалитети. Главната цел на овој труд е приказ на значењето на локалните антимикробни агенси кои може да се користат при пародонталната терапија. Доминантно кај пациенти со напредната пародонтална болест, ваквите медикаменти со локално деjство се значајни во третманот на локализирани пародонтални дефекти поголеми од 5 mm, кај кои се јавува крвавење по сондирање и кога не реагираат на примарна терапија. Паралелната механичка обработка заедно со субгингивално аплицирани локални медикаменти може да доведе до успешен третман, особено кај пациенти што имаат локализирани регии на рекурентни пародонтални дефекти. Концентрираните количини на локални медикаменти, пак, лесно може да бидат доставени до одредено заболено место со минимален ризик за системско дејствување на лекот. Локалната апликација на медикаменти ја намалува вкупната доза која треба да ја прими пациентот за 400 пати, со што се намалуваат и потенцијалните несакани ефекти од употребата на системскиот антибиотик и создавањето на резистентни микроорганизми. Според методот на локалната дистрибуција во пародонталниот џеб овие медикаменти може да се класифицираат во две големи групи во зависност од разградливоста, и тоа на ресорптивни и нересорптивни. Како заклучок може да се истакне дека овие медикаменти аплицирани субгингивално претставуваат само дополнителен тераписки модалитет, при што примарна улога имаат оралната хигиена и обработката на пародонталниот џеб. Клучни зборови: локални антимикробни средства, локални антибиотици, пародонтална болест, пародонтална терапија

Optimal aesthetic results for implant-prosthetic restorations in the aesthetic area: anatomical and surgical considerations

Aesthetic effect of prosthetic suprastructures is the most important aspect of oral rehabilitation. To ensure satisfactory aesthetic when performing implant treatment, different anatomical and surgical considerations should be taken into account. Aim: Taking into account the growing importance of aesthetics in modern society, the main goal of this research was set - to make an analysis of the relevant anatomical and surgical factors that affect the aesthetics of implant superstructures. Material and method: Adequate literature research was performed to fulfill the main goal. Sources of information used in this study were obtained from the most used of all scientific databases- Pub Med. All of the used literature data was previously published in peer- reviewed publications and journals. Results: Numerous anatomical factors have been identified as influencing on the satisfactory aesthetics of definitive work such as: gingival aspects and positioning, periodontal biotype, position of the lower lips and interocclusal space. The second group of factors is connected to the surgical interventions such as: regeneration ability of soft tissues and alveolar bone, placing the implants in the proper position and flaph aproach. Prosthetic rehabilitation depends also from the morphology and correlation of superstructures, the correlation of prosthetic devices with the surrounding soft tissues and proper planning of prosthetic devices. Adequate handling of soft and bone tissues during implant therapyis of great importance. At the end of the surgical procedure, all the bony parts of the alveoli that protrude should be removed or covered with mucous membrane, which should then be sutured. Also traumatized and thermally unprotected bone should be removed. Conclusion: In conclusion we can note that the establishment of proper aesthetics of superstructures depends on the knowledge of anatomical and surgical aspects

Periodontology and dental implantology- “two-way street”

The relationship between periodontology and dental implantology is too close. Starting from the fact that the knowledge of periodontology is essential in the process of implant treatment, the main goal of this research was set- to present how periodontology is so important and necessary for successful dental implant therapy. Materials and method: Adequate literature research was performed to fulfill the main goal. All of the used literature data was from peer-reviewed publications and journals. Most of the articles have been published in English in the period from 2001 to 2021. Results: After the successful osseointegration of dental implants, the health of the peri-implant tissues and long-term success of dental implants are dependent from the ability of the soft-tissue interface of the suprastructure to protect against repeated attacks from the bacteria. It is important for clinicians to understand that there are both similarities and differences between the soft-tissue attachment of natural teeth and dental implants. Adequate zone of attached keratinized peri-implant gingiva, is essential for maintenance of periimplant health, prevention of gingival recession, establishment of stable levels of the connective tissue and alveolar bone attachments, and finely is most important for the aesthetic. Conclussion:One of the most important factor for the longevity of dental implants is adequate periodontal health. Therefore, every clinician who works with dental implants, need to know that primarily activity before placement of dental implant is to eliminate any disease in the periodontium