20 research outputs found
Diversity of symptom phenotypes in SARS-CoV-2 community infections observed in multiple large datasets
Variability in case severity and in the range of symptoms experienced has
been apparent from the earliest months of the COVID-19 pandemic. From a
clinical perspective, symptom variability might indicate various
routes/mechanisms by which infection leads to disease, with different routes
requiring potentially different treatment approaches. For public health and
control of transmission, symptoms in community cases were the prompt on which
action such as PCR testing and isolation was taken. However, interpreting
symptoms presents challenges, for instance in balancing sensitivity and
specificity of individual symptoms with the need to maximise case finding,
whilst managing demand for limited resources such as testing. For both clinical
and transmission control reasons, we require an approach that allows for the
possibility of distinct symptom phenotypes, rather than assuming variability
along a single dimension. Here we address this problem by bringing together
four large and diverse datasets deriving from routine testing, a
population-representative household survey and participatory smartphone
surveillance in the United Kingdom. Through use of cutting-edge unsupervised
classification techniques from statistics and machine learning, we characterise
symptom phenotypes among symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive community cases,
making comparisons across datasets and by age bands. While we observe
separation due to the total number of symptoms experienced by cases, we also
see a separation of symptoms into gastrointestinal, respiratory and other
types, and different symptom co-occurrence patterns at the extremes of age. In
this way, we are able to demonstrate the deep structure of symptoms of COVID-19
without usual biases due to study design.Comment: 52 pages; 25 figure
Raw Milk Consumption among Patients with Non–Outbreak-related Enteric Infections, Minnesota, USA, 2001–2010
Raw milk has frequently been identified as the source of foodborne illness outbreaks; however, the number of illnesses ascertained as part of documented outbreaks likely represents a small proportion of the actual number of illnesses associated with this food product. Analysis of routine surveillance data involving illnesses caused by enteric pathogens that were reportable in Minnesota during 2001–2010 revealed that 3.7% of patients with sporadic, domestically acquired enteric infections had reported raw milk consumption during their exposure period. Children were disproportionately affected, and 76% of those <5 years of age were served raw milk from their own or a relative’s farm. Severe illness was noted, including hemolytic uremic syndrome among 21% of Escherichia coli O157–infected patients reporting raw milk consumption, and 1 death was reported. Raw milk consumers, potential consumers, and policy makers who might consider relaxing regulations regarding raw milk sales should be educated regarding illnesses associated with raw milk consumption
Effects of Swisse Men's Ultivite on cognition, mood, quality of life and blood measures in a group of older males
Abstract not available
Raw Milk Consumption among Patients with Non–Outbreak-related Enteric Infections, Minnesota, USA, 2001–2010
The effect of a multivitamin supplementation on cognition in adults at risk of cognitive decline
Abstract not available