Composition of cold-pressed bitter orange peel oil from Turkey

The composition of the laboratory-prepared Turkish hitter orange oil (Citrus aurantium L) samples (bitter orange fruits cultivated two different area) were studied. The volatile fraction was analyzed by GC and GUMS, and 29 components were identified in the oil. The results obtained were Compared with those in the literature for Italian and Spanish bitter orange oil. The identified components were grouped into six classes (monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated compounds, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, and esters). Variations in the oil composition relative to the fruit provenance, the percentage of the each component and six classes, were also described. It was found that the oil composition varied according to the fruit provenance. The main components of the oil were limonene (93.68-94.32%), myrcene (1.73-1.86%), linalyl acetate (1.17-1.32%), linalool (0.33-0.46%), beta-pinene (0.40-0.57%) and alpha-pinene (0.39-0.45%)

Volatile constituents of Turkish bergamot oil

The analysis of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) oil of Turkish origin was carried out by capillary GC and GC/MS. Forty-nine compounds, constituting 99.4% of the oil, were identified. The composition of the Turkish bergamot oil was compared with the Italian bergamot oil. They could be differentiated from their sesquiterpenes, carbonyl compounds, hydrocarbons and monoterpenes. The main components of the Turkish bergamot oil were linalyl acetate (38.7%), limonene (23.7%), linalool (14.7%), gamma-terpinene (4.7%), beta-pinene (3.0%) and myrcene (2.0%). The bergamot oil yield was about 1.2% for fresh bergamot rinds

Composition of Turkish mandarin and bergamot leaf oils

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit.) leaf oils were obtained from mandarin and bergamot leaves by steam distillation. The oils were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS). In total, 42 and 50 components were identified in mandarin and bergamot leaf oils, respectively. Mandarin leaf oil showed a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (62.6%), with sabinene (42.5%) and gamma-terpinene (3.8%) being the major components. Bergamot leaf oil was characterized by a higher content of oxygenated compounds (90.4%), of which linalyl acetate (49.6%) and linalool (22.4%) were the major ones. it contained lower amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (8.1%) than the mandarin leaf oil

(Liquid plus liquid) equilibria of the (water plus butyric acid plus dodecanol) ternary system

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for the (water + butyric acid + dodecanol) ternary system have been determined experimentally at T = (298.2, 308.2 and 318.2) K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining binodal curves and tie lines. The reliability of the experimental tie lines was confirmed by using the Othmer-Tobias correlation. The UNIFAC method was used to predict the phase equilibrium in the ternary system using the interaction parameters determined from experimental data of CH3, CH2, COOH, OH and H2O functional groups. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

The compositions of Turkish bergamot oils produced by cold-pressing and steam distillation

Bergamot oil was obtained from Turkish bergamot fruit (Citus bergamia Risso et Poit.) peels by cold pressing and steam distillation. The analysis of bergamot oil was carried out by capillary CC and GC/MS. In total, 47 components were fully characterized and grouped in six component classes (monoterpenes hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds, sesquiterpenes, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, and esters) for an easier comparison of all oils. Variations during the fruit development of the percentage of the six classes were also described. The composition varied during the season; since the reported values referred to oil obtained from ripe fruits. The main components of the cold pressed Turkish bergamot oil coming from ripe fruits were limonene (37.2%), linalyl acetate (36.3%), linalool (7.9%), gamma-terpinene (5.9%), beta-pinene (3.9%) and myrcene (1.3%). The concentation of linalyl acetate was maximum level when the bergamot fruits reached full maturity characterized by a yellow coloration

Liquid-liquid equilibria of water plus ethanol plus dibasic esters mixture (dimethyl adipate plus dimethyl glutarate plus dimethyl succinate) ternary system

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system water + ethanol + mixture of dibasic esters (dimethyl adipate + dimethyl glutarate + dimethyl succinate) have been determined experimentally at 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and tie-line data. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region

(Liquid plus liquid) equilibria of (water plus ethanol plus dimethyl glutarate) at several temperatures

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of (water + ethanol + dimethyl glutarate) have been determined experimentally at T = (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was ascertained by using the Othmer and Tobias correlation. The LLE data of the ternary mixture were predicted by UNIFAC method. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Composition of Turkish bitter orange and lemon leaf oils

Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) leaf oils were obtained from bitter orange tree leaves and lemon tree leaves by steam distillation. The oils were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and high-resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS). In total, 50 and 60 components have been identified in bitter orange and lemon leaf oils, respectively. Bitter orange leaf oil showed a high content of oxygenated compounds (89.6%) with linalyl acetate (50.1%) and linalool (24.8%) being the main components. Lemon leaf oil was characterized by higher content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (64.2%) of which limonene (44.2%) and beta-pinene (10.6%) were the major components. it contained a lower content oxygenated compounds (33.5%) than the bitter orange leaf oil

(Liquid plus liquid) equilibria of the (water plus acetic acid plus dibutyl phthalate) system

(Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data of the (water + acetic acid + dibutyl phthalate) system have been determined experimentally at T = (298.2, 308.2, and 318.2) K. The reliability of the experimental tie lines data was ascertained by using the Othmer-Tobias correlation. The UNIFAC model was used to predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interaction parameters between AC, ACH, CH2, CH3, CH2COO, COOH, and H2O functional groups. The experimental data were compared with predicted by UNIFAC model. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Catalytic esterification of methyl alcohol with acetic acid

Esterification of methyl alcohol with acetic acid catalysed by Amberlyst-15 (cation-exchange resin) was carried out in a batch reactor in the temperature ranging between 318-338 K, at atmospheric pressure. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst concentration and reaction temperature, but decreased with an increase in water concentration. Stirrer speed had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental conditions. The rate data were correlated with a second-order kinetic model based on homogeneous reaction. The apparent activation energy was found to be 22.9 kJ.mol(-1) for the formation of methyl acetate. The methyl acetate production was carried out as batch and continuous in a packed bed reactive distillation column with high purity methyl acetate produced