261 research outputs found
Inelastic Dark Matter As An Efficient Fuel For Compact Stars
Dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles is predicted
to become gravitationally captured and accumulate in stars. While the
subsequent annihilations of such particles lead to the injection of energy into
stellar cores, elastically scattering dark matter particles do not generally
yield enough energy to observably impact stellar phenomenology. Dark matter
particles which scatter inelastically with nuclei (such that they reconcile the
annual modulation reported by DAMA with the null results of CDMS and other
experiments), however, can be captured by and annihilate in compact stars at a
much higher rate. As a result, old white dwarf stars residing in high dark
matter density environments can be prevented from cooling below several
thousand degrees Kelvin. Observations of old, cool white dwarfs in dwarf
spheroidal galaxies, or in the inner kiloparsec of the Milky Way, can thus
potentially provide a valuable test of the inelastic dark matter hypothesis.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figur
Cygnus X-2: the Descendant of an Intermediate-Mass X-Ray Binary
The X-ray binary Cygnus X-2 (Cyg X-2) has recently been shown to contain a
secondary that is much more luminous and hotter than is appropriate for a
low-mass subgiant. We present detailed binary-evolution calculations which
demonstrate that the present evolutionary state of Cyg X-2 can be understood if
the secondary had an initial mass of around 3.5 M_sun and started to transfer
mass near the end of its main-sequence phase (or, somewhat less likely, just
after leaving the main sequence). Most of the mass of the secondary must have
been ejected from the system during an earlier rapid mass-transfer phase. In
the present phase, the secondary has a mass of around 0.5 M_sun with a
non-degenerate helium core. It is burning hydrogen in a shell, and mass
transfer is driven by the advancement of the burning shell. Cyg X-2 therefore
is related to a previously little studied class of intermediate-mass X-ray
binaries (IMXBs). We suggest that perhaps a significant fraction of X-ray
binaries presently classified as low-mass X-ray binaries may be descendants of
IMXBs and discuss some of the implications
Mass loss out of close binaries
In a liberal evolutionary scenario, mass can escape from a binary during eras
of fast mass transfer. We calculate the mass lost by binaries with a B-type
primary at birth where mass transfer starts during hydrogen core burning of the
donor. We simulate the distribution of mass-ratios and orbital periods for
those interacting binaries. The amount of time the binary shows Algol
characteristics within different values of mass-ratio and orbital period has
been fixed from conservative and liberal evolutionary calculations. We use
these data to simulate the distribution of mass-ratios and orbital periods of
Algols with the conservative as well as the liberal model. We compare
mass-ratios and orbital periods of Algols obtained by conservative evolution
with those obtained by our liberal model. Since binaries with a late B-type
primary evolve almost conservatively, the overall distribution of mass-ratios
will only yield a few Algols more with high mass-ratios than conservative
calculations do. Whereas the simulated distribution of orbital periods of
Algols fits the observations well, the simulated distribution of mass-ratios
produces always too few systems with large values.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&A; accepted versio
A New Evolutionary Path to Type Ia Supernovae: Helium-Rich Super-Soft X-Ray Source Channel
We have found a new evolutionary path to Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) which
has been overlooked in previous work. In this scenario, a carbon-oxygen white
dwarf (C+O WD) is originated, not from an asymptotic giant branch star with a
C+O core, but from a red-giant star with a helium core of . The helium star, which is formed after the first common envelope
evolution, evolves to form a C+O WD of with transferring
a part of the helium envelope onto the secondary main-sequence star. This new
evolutionary path, together with the optically thick wind from mass-accreting
white dwarf, provides a much wider channel to SNe Ia than previous scenarios. A
part of the progenitor systems are identified as the luminous supersoft X-ray
sources or the recurrent novae like U Sco, which are characterized by the
accretion of helium-rich matter. The white dwarf accretes hydrogen-rich,
helium-enhanced matter from a lobe-filling, slightly evolved companion at a
critical rate and blows excess matter in the wind. The white dwarf grows in
mass to the Chandrasekhar mass limit and explodes as an SN Ia. A theoretical
estimate indicates that this channel contributes a considerable part of the
inferred rate of SNe Ia in our Galaxy, i.e., the rate is about ten times larger
than the previous theoretical estimates for white dwarfs with slightly evolved
companions.Comment: 19 pages including 12 figures, to be published in ApJ, 519, No.
The Dynamic Formation of Prominence Condensations
We present simulations of a model for the formation of a prominence
condensation in a coronal loop. The key idea behind the model is that the
spatial localization of loop heating near the chromosphere leads to a
catastrophic cooling in the corona (Antiochos & Klimchuk 1991). Using a new
adaptive grid code, we simulate the complete growth of a condensation, and find
that after approx. 5,000 s it reaches a quasi-steady state. We show that the
size and the growth time of the condensation are in good agreement with data,
and discuss the implications of the model for coronal heating and SOHO/TRACE
observations.Comment: Astrophysical Journal latex file, 20 pages, 7 b-w figures (gif files
Supernova Hosts for Gamma-Ray Burst Jets: Dynamical Constraints
I constrain a possible supernova origin for gamma-ray bursts by modeling the
dynamical interaction between a relativistic jet and a stellar envelope
surrounding it. The delay in observer's time introduced by the jet traversing
the envelope should not be long compared to the duration of gamma-ray emission;
also, the jet should not be swallowed by a spherical explosion it powers. The
only stellar progenitors that comfortably satisfy these constraints, if one
assumes that jets move ballistically within their host stars, are compact
carbon-oxygen or helium post-Wolf-Rayet stars (type Ic or Ib supernovae); type
II supernovae are ruled out. Notably, very massive stars do not appear capable
of producing the observed bursts at any redshift unless the stellar envelope is
stripped prior to collapse. The presence of a dense stellar wind places an
upper limit on the Lorentz factor of the jet in the internal shock model;
however, this constraint may be evaded if the wind is swept forward by a photon
precursor. Shock breakout and cocoon blowout are considered individually;
neither presents a likely source of precursors for cosmological GRBs.
These envelope constraints could conceivably be circumvented if jets are
laterally pressure-confined while traversing the outer stellar envelope. If so,
jets responsible for observed GRBs must either have been launched from a region
several hundred kilometers wide, or have mixed with envelope material as they
travel. A phase of pressure confinement and mixing would imprint correlations
among jets that may explain observed GRB variability-luminosity and
lag-luminosity correlations.Comment: 17 pages, MNRAS, accepted. Contains new analysis of pressure-confined
jets, of jets that experience oblique shocks or mix with their cocoons, and
of cocoons after breakou
A three-dimensional multidimensional gas-kinetic scheme for the Navier-Stokes equations under gravitational fields
This paper extends the gas-kinetic scheme for one-dimensional inviscid
shallow water equations (J. Comput. Phys. 178 (2002), pp. 533-562) to
multidimensional gas dynamic equations under gravitational fields. Four
important issues in the construction of a well-balanced scheme for gas dynamic
equations are addressed. First, the inclusion of the gravitational source term
into the flux function is necessary. Second, to achieve second-order accuracy
of a well-balanced scheme, the Chapman-Enskog expansion of the Boltzmann
equation with the inclusion of the external force term is used. Third, to avoid
artificial heating in an isolated system under a gravitational field, the
source term treatment inside each cell has to be evaluated consistently with
the flux evaluation at the cell interface. Fourth, the multidimensional
approach with the inclusion of tangential gradients in two-dimensional and
three-dimensional cases becomes important in order to maintain the accuracy of
the scheme. Many numerical examples are used to validate the above issues,
which include the comparison between the solutions from the current scheme and
the Strang splitting method. The methodology developed in this paper can also
be applied to other systems, such as semi-conductor device simulations under
electric fields.Comment: The name of first author was misspelled as C.T.Tian in the published
paper. 35 pages,9 figure
Stars In Other Universes: Stellar structure with different fundamental constants
Motivated by the possible existence of other universes, with possible
variations in the laws of physics, this paper explores the parameter space of
fundamental constants that allows for the existence of stars. To make this
problem tractable, we develop a semi-analytical stellar structure model that
allows for physical understanding of these stars with unconventional
parameters, as well as a means to survey the relevant parameter space. In this
work, the most important quantities that determine stellar properties -- and
are allowed to vary -- are the gravitational constant , the fine structure
constant , and a composite parameter that determines nuclear
reaction rates. Working within this model, we delineate the portion of
parameter space that allows for the existence of stars. Our main finding is
that a sizable fraction of the parameter space (roughly one fourth) provides
the values necessary for stellar objects to operate through sustained nuclear
fusion. As a result, the set of parameters necessary to support stars are not
particularly rare. In addition, we briefly consider the possibility that
unconventional stars (e.g., black holes, dark matter stars) play the role
filled by stars in our universe and constrain the allowed parameter space.Comment: accepted to JCAP, 29 pages, 6 figure
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