An Empirical Study on the Relation Between : Leadership and Personality Traits

In this paper, we analyzed the relationship between leadership and personality traits. We also examined the effects of personality traits on the improvement of leadership for those who participated in the leadership training. The main results were as follows. 1. Generally, leaders in the workplaces have the tendency of being emotionally stable and assertive. 2. No consistent relationship was found between their leadership pattern and their personality traits. 3. Concerning the section chief, it was found that there were positive correlations between P behavior and nervousness, and lack of cooperativeness, whereas negative correlations were found between general activity, and leadership taking. 4. No factor which has clear effects on the improvement of leadership was found.本研究では行動としてのリーダーシップと個人的特性としての性格との関係を分析を行った。 あわせてそうした性格特性とリーダーシップの変容を目的としたトレーニングにおける参加者のリーダーシップの変化との関係についても検討した。 以下のような結果が見いだされた。 (1)一般的に職場リーダーは、安定積極型の性格を持つ傾向が見られた。(2)リーダーシップ・トレーニング実施前の管理監督者のリーダーシップとその性格特性との間には、一貫した相関関係は見いだされなかった。 (3)当直課長では、P得点と「神経質」との問に正の相関、「非協調性」との問に正の相関の傾向、M得点との問に「情緒不安定」と正の相関が「活動性」の間に負の相関、「主導権」との間には負の相関の傾向が見出された。(4)リーダーシップ・トレーニング後のリーダーシップの向上に寄与する性格因子は明確には認められなかった

National trends in the outcomes of subarachnoid haemorrhage and the prognostic influence of stroke centre capability in Japan: retrospective cohort study

Objectives To examine the national, 6-year trends in in-hospital clinical outcomes of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) who underwent clipping or coiling and the prognostic influence of temporal trends in the Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) capabilities on patient outcomes in Japan.Design Retrospective study.Setting Six hundred and thirty-one primary care institutions in Japan.Participants Forty-five thousand and eleven patients with SAH who were urgently hospitalised, identified using the J-ASPECT Diagnosis Procedure Combination database.Primary and secondary outcome measures Annual number of patients with SAH who remained untreated, or who received clipping or coiling, in-hospital mortality and poor functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale: 3–6) at discharge. Each CSC was assessed using a validated scoring system (CSC score: 1–25 points).Results In the overall cohort, in-hospital mortality decreased (year for trend, OR (95% CI): 0.97 (0.96 to 0.99)), while the proportion of poor functional outcomes remained unchanged (1.00 (0.98 to 1.02)). The proportion of patients who underwent clipping gradually decreased from 46.6% to 38.5%, while that of those who received coiling and those left untreated gradually increased from 16.9% to 22.6% and 35.4% to 38%, respectively. In-hospital mortality of coiled (0.94 (0.89 to 0.98)) and untreated (0.93 (0.90 to 0.96)) patients decreased, whereas that of clipped patients remained stable. CSC score improvement was associated with increased use of coiling (per 1-point increase, 1.14 (1.08 to 1.20)) but not with short-term patient outcomes regardless of treatment modality.Conclusions The 6-year trends indicated lower in-hospital mortality for patients with SAH (attributable to better outcomes), increased use of coiling and multidisciplinary care for untreated patients. Further increasing CSC capabilities may improve overall outcomes, mainly by increasing the use of coiling. Additional studies are necessary to determine the effect of confounders such as aneurysm complexity on outcomes of clipped patients in the modern endovascular era