PET OWNERSHIP TO WEIGHT STATUS: A PATH ANALYSIS

Research suggests that a multidimensional approach to obesity that addresses physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors is optimal. Stress and self-esteem, as well as eating and exercise behaviors have been named as important factors in obesity. Curiously, although pets have been shown to reduce stress and are associated with higher self-esteem and cardiovascular health, the relationship between pet ownership and weight status has not been explored. A path analysis of the direct and indirect effects of pet ownership on stress, self-esteem, physical activity, eating behavior, and Body Mass Index failed to reveal a clear path linking pet ownership to weight status

Guide to the Margaret “Marge” Russo Collection, c. 1950-1954

This collection contains items relating to Margaret Russo. Materials include letters, telegrams, and photographs; three scrapbooks containing league contracts, newspaper clippings, letters, cards, and photographs; two baseballs belonging to the 1952 Battle Creek Belles, one signed by team players. The biographical sketch of Russo is largely derived from her player profile on the AAGPBL database. Margaret “Marge” Russo Jones was a third baseman and shortstop for the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) from 1950-1954. In the AAGPBL online database, and on her player card, she is referred to as Maggie Russo. Born in September 1931 to James and Mary Russo, Russo Jones grew up in Milton, New York. She went on to work as a teacher for the Marlboro, NY School District. She married Fred Jones of Salisbury Center, NY. She played for the Peoria Redwings of Peoria, Illinois (1950-51), the Battle Creek Belles of Battle Creek, Michigan (1952), the Muskegon Belles of Muskegon, Michigan (1953), and the Rockford Peaches of Rockford, Illinois (1954). 1954 was Russo Jones’ best season at bat with ten home runs, including a record three in one game, and a career-high batting average of .313. In that same year she was selected for the league’s All-Star team. She died at home at age 74 on June 27, 2006

Guide to the Joanne “Jo” Winter Collection c. 1943-1958

This collection is part of the larger Kathleen Bertrand and Linda Lundin: Honoring Women in Sports Collection. The entire collection is comprised of scrapbooks documenting Winter’s athletic career. These scrapbooks contain news clippings, AAGPBL ephemera, and material pertaining to Winter’s time in the NGBL and ASA. Joanne “Jo” Winter, 1924-1996, was a well-known ball player of the twentieth century. Winter was born in Chicago and grew up in the suburb of Maywood, Illinois. A versatile athlete, she competed in basketball, swimming, volleyball, soccer, track, handball, tennis, golf, and baseball. Winter began her career in the Amateur Softball Association (ASA), coached by Emery Parichy, and left that league after being scouted by the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). In 1943 the All-American Girls Soft Ball League was created by Philip K. Wrigley, owner of Major League Baseball’s Chicago Cubs, in response to MLB rosters being decimated by the draft during World War II which was creating a loss of revenue. The league would later change its name to the All-American Professional Girls Baseball League after the inaugural season. In 1943 when Winter joined the AAGPBL, she began playing for the Racine Belles out of Racine, Wisconsin. Her jersey number was 16. That same year, the Racine Belles won the post-season playoff championship game. With this victory the Belles became the first World Champions of Girls Professional Baseball. Winter stayed with the Racine Belles for eight seasons, leaving in 1950 when the team relocated. In 1946, Winter was awarded a spot on the AAGPBL All-Star Team as a member of the pitching staff. During those eight seasons Winter amassed great successes and is one of seven pitchers with 100 or more wins in AAGPBL history. She was known as a “strikeout pitcher,” usually with an ERA in the mid 2.50 to 3.00 range. After the Racine Belles disbanded the team moved to Battle Creek, MI and became the Battle Creek Belles. Rather than go to Battle Creek to continue playing for the Belles, Winter jumped to the National Girls Baseball League (NGBL) along with four of her teammates (see letter in the Helen Nunamaker Collection that references players, including Winter, who the AAGBL was trying to keep on for the 1952 season). Similar to Winter, three of these teammates had played for the Racine Belles from 1943-1950: Maddy English, Sophie Kurys, and Edythe (Perlick) Keating. As a result of their league move (AAGPBL to NGBL), these players were banned from playing in the AAGPBL again. Winter played in the NGBL from 1952-1954. She was inducted into the National Women’s Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005 and was a consultant in the production of the 1992 movie A League of Their Own

A Crash at the Crossroads: Tax and Campaign Finance Laws Collide in Regulation of Political Activities of Tax-exempt Organizations

[T]his article will look at the tax law\u27s definitions of “political” activity by § 501(c)(3)s, other § 501(c)s, and § 527s, identifying the many points of congruence and the occasional important differences. We further attempt to explain why the FEC\u27s detour onto the slippery pavement of tax law led to this crash, and why attempts to follow the tax law\u27s definitions of political activity will inevitably lead regulatory efforts astray. The legal roads of tax and election law begin from different policy rationales, intersect in seemingly similar concepts, but then proceed to wildly different legal destinations. We conclude with a discussion of why, as a matter of constitutional law, laws that suffice for tax purposes are fatally flawed for election law uses. It is our hope that this analysis will at least steer proponents of campaign finance reform away from another foreseeable crash

Guide to the Helen Delores Nunamaker Collection, 1948-1952, c. 2010

This small collection contains a variety of items relating to Helen Nunamaker, including player documentation and league affiliations, news clippings, one scrapbook, and a multitude of photographs. Folder seven contains 15 (majority signed) photographs of Parichy Bloomer Girl players from the 1947 NGBL championship team. All but two of these signatures have been deciphered. The biographical sketch of Nunamaker largely derived from the letter her sister, Bonnie, wrote in 2010 to the donors of this collection (located in folder one). Helen Delores Nunamaker was born on March 8, 1928 in New Stanton, Pennsylvania. She was born to Daniel Roy Nunamaker and Mary Jane (Johnson) Nunamaker. During childhood she participated in a variety of sports, including golf, bowling, and baseball. As a young adult, Nunamaker played for the National Girls Baseball League (NGBL), a league that existed from 1944-1954 in competition with the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. In 1959, four years after retiring from professional baseball, Nunamaker married A. Lee Swogger. In her obituary she is named Helen N. Swogger

Guide to the Margaret Proctor Collection, c. 1925-1928

The Margaret Proctor Collection is part of the larger Kathleen Bertrand and Linda Lundin, Honoring Women in Sports Collection. The collection contains two folders of paper material, three trophies, and one javelin. It is not known if this is the javelin Proctor used when she set the American women’s distance record. Margaret Proctor Harley, 1907-1987, was an accomplished track and field athlete in the 1920s, particularly in the javelin event. Born Margaret Sidney Proctor, she lived her whole life in Lunenburg, Massachusetts. She graduated from Lunenburg High School in 1926 with a graduating class of only 11 students. She graduated from Fitchburg Normal School in 1929, and went on to earn Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in 1953 and 1955 respectively. In 1943 she married Harold (Hare) Harley, 1891-1980. As a child, Proctor (Harley) was active in multiple sports including basketball and track and field. She was a member of the Lunenburg Girls Athletic Club, where her eventual husband Harold, 16 years her senior, worked as a coach. On May 24, 1925, she set the American Woman’s world record for javelin with a throw of 103’ 3” while competing in the Junior Championship at Franklin Field in Boston. In July 1925, she won third place at the Women’s National Track and Field Championship Meet playing for the Luxenbury [Lunenburg] Athletic Club. She broke her own record on June 3, 1928, with a throw of 110’ 3.25” at the Franklin Field in Boston. Though she held the world record in javelin for three months, she was unable to compete in the Olympics because there was no event for women’s javelin at the time

Guide to the Bertha Levi Collection, c. 1935-1945

The Bertha Levi collection is part of the larger Kathleen Bertrand and Linda Lundin, Honoring Women in Sports Collection. The collection contains two boxes containing a photographic album created by Levi, photographs, one postcard, and a softball players patch. Bertha Levi played in the Amateur Softball Association (ASA). Levi was also known to participate in basketball, rowing, and track and field. The ASA was founded in 1933 and would later be called USA Softball (USAS). She played for J.J. Kreig’s Alameda Girls team, based out of Alameda, California. The Alameda Girls team won the Amateur Softball Association championship in both 1938 and 1939. ASA championship games in this period amassed between 30,000 and 40,000 fans, which increased softball’s recognition as a legitimate, competitive sport. With this double victory, the Alameda women became the first team west of the Mississippi to win the championship two years in a row. Additionally, the Alameda Girls team won more than 100 games in a row – some against professional men’s teams. The Alameda Girls team was considered “one of the best feminine outfits ever to be assembled in California.” Levi’s teammates included Olympic javelin thrower Gloria Russell Hillenbrand, and Wilda “Willie” Mae Turner, who later played for the Parichy Bloomer Girls alongside Helen Nunamaker and won the National Girls Baseball League (NGBL) championship in 1947. Because the ASA was founded before other professional women’s sports teams, it was not uncommon for players who ended up in other professional leagues (AAGPBL and NGBL) to have started out in the ASA. In 2016, ASA/USA Softball (its joint name) was rebranded to USA Softball. It has since become the National Governing Body of Softball, cementing its legacy as the founders of the softball we know today. With its universal rules, uniforms, and a Hall of Fame of its own, the ASA is to credit for one of the most popular sports of the twenty-first century. It’s also to credit for the first and only U.S. Olympic softball team, which participated in the 1996 Games

Guide to the Edith Dennison Bloomer Girl Collection, c. 1910-1918

The Edith Dennison Bloomer Girl Collection is part of the Kathleen Bertrand and Linda Lundin, Honoring Women in Sports Collection. The collection contains two items: one large, oval photograph of Dennison pitching in 1910, and one scrapbook of newspaper clippings possibly compiled by Dennison. This scrapbook tracks Dennison’s baseball career from 1911-1917. The large photograph may be found in smaller reproduction in articles within the scrapbook on pages 32 and twice on 43. Note that the pagination of the scrapbook begins on page 20. Dennison was a star “bloomer girl” baseball pitcher in northern Massachusetts, playing from 1910 through retirement in 1917. She played for the Beverly Girls’ Baseball Nine (1912), the Meadow Park Bloomer Girls (1911-?), Little River Girls’ Team (1915), and later for the Boston Girls Base Ball Club (1916-?). Dennison openly challenged teams from prominent Massachusetts cities like Salem, Peabody, Manchester, Lowell, Concord, and Newton. Her confidence and talent garnered attention from local newspapers. The leader of the Meadow Park team of Lynn, MA, Dennison acted as their captain, manager, and owner. In the middle of the decade, Dennison’s Meadow Park team drew crowds upwards of a few thousand fans. Fans particularly gathered to witness the Lynn baseballers play their rivals, the East End Bloomer Girls of Peabody, MA. In late August 1914, the Meadow Park team usurped the previous league champions of Peabody with a dominant score of 13-1. Local papers accredit that victory to the partnership of Edith Dennison on the pitcher’s mound and Bertha Shaw as catcher. Dennison and Shaw played together for multiple years. In 1915, as pitcher and captain for Little River, Dennison led her team to a championship victory over Meadow Park. In 1916, under Dennison’s leadership as pitcher, the Boston Girls Base Ball Club was never defeated by another women’s team and only once by a professional men’s team. She is considered to be “the champion girl pitcher of New England” during her brief, but dominant, career. (Box 1, Item 2, Page 43

4-Archaeological Survey to Determine Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in Allegan County, Michigan: 1978 Field Season

The 1978 Settlement Pattern Survey (SPS 78) in Allegan County, Michigan, a total of 242 sites were recorded, which could be further defined as 260 components. 243 of these components are prehistoric; 17 are historic. Of the 243 prehistoric components identified, 139 (57%) are of undetermined cultural affiliation, while 104 (43%) can be placed in cultural/chronological context. This report details the locations, environmental settings, and materials recovered from these sites, and an evaluation of the significance of these data is presented.

Language Policy in Multilingual Workplaces: Management, Practices and Beliefs in Banks in Luxembourg.

For decades the primary focus of language policy research has been activities by states and their agencies, while language policy activities in workplaces have attracted little attention. Addressing this gap, explicit and implicit dimensions of language policies are investigated in financial institutions operating in the globalised context of international banking in multilingual Luxembourg. Three complementary theoretical frameworks are used to extend language policy research to include not just explicit aspects of language policy (language policy statements), but also implicit aspects (the language practices and beliefs of a community). Spolsky's (2004) theory is used to identify and analyse three components of language policy (management, practices and beliefs); Language Management Theory (LMT) (Jernudd and Neustupny, 1987) is used to explore one specific component of language policy (management), and Shohamy's (2006) framework is used to explore the complex interaction between management, practices and beliefs. The data base for the study comprised two phases: the first phase involved interviews with managers in ten Luxembourg banks regarding language policy, followed in the second phase by questionnaires and focus-group discussions with employees from three case study banks regarding language use and beliefs. This empirical data suggests that even in banks where English has been formalised as the working language, multilingual mechanisms (recruitment and language courses) contribute to employees' practices effectively creating, a top-down multilingual implicit (de facto) policy. The data from international banks in Luxembourg suggests that a flexible approach to language management is useful in workplaces where communication is complex, multi-faceted and dynamic. The bottom-up perspective indicates that employees at international banks use English as a lingua franca (ELF) alongside other languages, negotiating language choice across speech communities and linguistic repertoires, for transactional and relational purposes. These multilingual employees highly value English as the most common language in banks for including and involving all, highlighting its vital role in banks. Because the data provides a strong argument for the consideration of both top down and bottom up perspectives, the results have theoretical significance for our understanding of language policy. Overall, this thesis provides insights into the complex nature of language policy in multilingual workplaces, including the importance of both top-down and bottom-up pressures on language practices, the crucial role of ELF and the relevance of attitudes towards ELF and other languages at local and global levels of management