9 research outputs found
Ultrashort Channel Silicon Nanowire Transistors with Nickel Silicide Source/Drain Contacts
We demonstrate the shortest transistor channel length
(17 nm) fabricated
on a vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) grown silicon nanowire
(NW) by a controlled reaction with Ni leads on an in situ transmission
electron microscope (TEM) heating stage at a moderate temperature
of 400 °C. NiSi<sub>2</sub> is the leading phase, and the silicide–silicon
interface is an atomically sharp type-A interface. At such channel
lengths, high maximum on-currents of 890 (μA/μm) and a
maximum transconductance of 430 (μS/μm) were obtained,
which pushes forward the performance of bottom-up Si NW Schottky barrier
field-effect transistors (SB-FETs). Through accurate control over
the silicidation reaction, we provide a systematic study of channel
length dependent carrier transport in a large number of SB-FETs with
channel lengths in the range of 17 nm to 3.6 μm. Our device
results corroborate with our transport simulations and reveal a characteristic
type of short channel effects in SB-FETs, both in on- and off-state,
which is different from that in conventional MOSFETs, and that limits
transport parameter extraction from SB-FETs using conventional field-effect
transconductance measurements
Nucleation and Atomic Layer Reaction in Nickel Silicide for Defect-Engineered Si Nanochannels
At the nanoscale, defects can significantly
impact phase transformation
processes and change materials properties. The material nickel silicide
has been the industry standard electrical contact of silicon microelectronics
for decades and is a rich platform for scientific innovation at the
conjunction of materials and electronics. Its formation in nanoscale
silicon devices that employ high levels of strain, intentional, and
unintentional twins or grain boundaries can be dramatically different
from the commonly conceived bulk processes. Here, using in situ high-resolution
transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), we capture single events
during heterogeneous nucleation and atomic layer reaction of nickel
silicide at various crystalline boundaries in Si nanochannels for
the first time. We show through systematic experiments and analytical
modeling that unlike other typical face-centered cubic materials such
as copper or silicon the twin defects in NiSi<sub>2</sub> have high
interfacial energies. We observe that these twin defects dramatically
change the behavior of new phase nucleation and can have direct implications
for ultrascaled devices that are prone to defects or may utilize them
to improve device performance
Twin-Boundary Reduced Surface Diffusion on Electrically Stressed Copper Nanowires
Surface diffusion is intimately correlated with crystal
orientation
and surface structure. Fast surface diffusion accelerates phase transformation
and structural evolution of materials. Here, through in situ transmission
electron microscopy observation, we show that a copper nanowire with
dense nanoscale coherent twin-boundary (CTB) defects evolves into
a zigzag configuration under electric-current driven surface diffusion.
The hindrance at the CTB-intercepted concave triple junctions decreases
the effective surface diffusivity by almost 1 order of magnitude.
The energy barriers for atomic migration at the concave junctions
and different faceted surfaces are computed using density functional
theory. We proposed that such a stable zigzag surface is shaped not
only by the high-diffusivity facets but also by the stalled atomic
diffusion at the concave junctions. This finding provides a defect-engineering
route to develop robust interconnect materials against electromigration-induced
failures for nanoelectronic devices
Twin-Boundary Reduced Surface Diffusion on Electrically Stressed Copper Nanowires
Surface diffusion is intimately correlated with crystal
orientation
and surface structure. Fast surface diffusion accelerates phase transformation
and structural evolution of materials. Here, through in situ transmission
electron microscopy observation, we show that a copper nanowire with
dense nanoscale coherent twin-boundary (CTB) defects evolves into
a zigzag configuration under electric-current driven surface diffusion.
The hindrance at the CTB-intercepted concave triple junctions decreases
the effective surface diffusivity by almost 1 order of magnitude.
The energy barriers for atomic migration at the concave junctions
and different faceted surfaces are computed using density functional
theory. We proposed that such a stable zigzag surface is shaped not
only by the high-diffusivity facets but also by the stalled atomic
diffusion at the concave junctions. This finding provides a defect-engineering
route to develop robust interconnect materials against electromigration-induced
failures for nanoelectronic devices
Twin-Boundary Reduced Surface Diffusion on Electrically Stressed Copper Nanowires
Surface diffusion is intimately correlated with crystal
orientation
and surface structure. Fast surface diffusion accelerates phase transformation
and structural evolution of materials. Here, through in situ transmission
electron microscopy observation, we show that a copper nanowire with
dense nanoscale coherent twin-boundary (CTB) defects evolves into
a zigzag configuration under electric-current driven surface diffusion.
The hindrance at the CTB-intercepted concave triple junctions decreases
the effective surface diffusivity by almost 1 order of magnitude.
The energy barriers for atomic migration at the concave junctions
and different faceted surfaces are computed using density functional
theory. We proposed that such a stable zigzag surface is shaped not
only by the high-diffusivity facets but also by the stalled atomic
diffusion at the concave junctions. This finding provides a defect-engineering
route to develop robust interconnect materials against electromigration-induced
failures for nanoelectronic devices
Twin-Boundary Reduced Surface Diffusion on Electrically Stressed Copper Nanowires
Surface diffusion is intimately correlated with crystal
orientation
and surface structure. Fast surface diffusion accelerates phase transformation
and structural evolution of materials. Here, through in situ transmission
electron microscopy observation, we show that a copper nanowire with
dense nanoscale coherent twin-boundary (CTB) defects evolves into
a zigzag configuration under electric-current driven surface diffusion.
The hindrance at the CTB-intercepted concave triple junctions decreases
the effective surface diffusivity by almost 1 order of magnitude.
The energy barriers for atomic migration at the concave junctions
and different faceted surfaces are computed using density functional
theory. We proposed that such a stable zigzag surface is shaped not
only by the high-diffusivity facets but also by the stalled atomic
diffusion at the concave junctions. This finding provides a defect-engineering
route to develop robust interconnect materials against electromigration-induced
failures for nanoelectronic devices
Nanoscale Joule Heating and Electromigration Enhanced Ripening of Silver Nanowire Contacts
Solution-processed metallic nanowire thin film is a promising candidate to replace traditional indium tin oxide as the next-generation transparent and flexible electrode. To date however, the performance of these electrodes is limited by the high contact resistance between contacting nanowires; so improving the point contacts between these nanowires remains a major challenge. Existing methods for reducing the contact resistance require either a high processing power, long treatment time, or the addition of chemical reagents, which could lead to increased manufacturing cost and damage the underlying substrate or device. Here, a nanoscale point reaction process is introduced as a fast and low-power-consumption way to improve the electrical contact properties between metallic nanowires. This is achieved <i>via</i> current-assisted localized joule heating accompanied by electromigration. Localized joule heating effectively targets the high-resistance contact points between nanowires, leading to the automatic removal of surface ligands, welding of contacting nanowires, and the reshaping of the contact pathway between the nanowires to form a more desirable geometry of low resistance for interwire conduction. This result shows the interplay between thermal and electrical interactions at the highly reactive nanocontacts and highlights the control of the nanoscale reaction as a simple and effective way of turning individual metallic nanowires into a highly conductive interconnected nanowire network. The temperature of the adjacent device layers can be kept close to room temperature during the process, making this method especially suitable for use in devices containing thermally sensitive materials such as polymer solar cells
Direct Measurement of Coherency Limits for Strain Relaxation in Heteroepitaxial Core/Shell Nanowires
The growth of heteroepitaxially strained semiconductors
at the
nanoscale enables tailoring of material properties for enhanced device
performance. For core/shell nanowires (NWs), theoretical predictions
of the coherency limits and the implications they carry remain uncertain
without proper identification of the mechanisms by which strains relax.
We present here for the Ge/Si core/shell NW system the first experimental
measurement of critical shell thickness for strain relaxation in a
semiconductor NW heterostructure and the identification of the relaxation
mechanisms. Axial and tangential strain relief is initiated by the
formation of periodic <i>a</i>/2 ⟨110⟩ perfect
dislocations via nucleation and glide on {111} slip-planes. Glide
of dislocation segments is directly confirmed by real-time in situ
transmission electron microscope observations and by dislocation dynamics
simulations. Further shell growth leads to roughening and grain formation
which provides additional strain relief. As a consequence of core/shell
strain sharing in NWs, a 16 nm radius Ge NW with a 3 nm Si shell is
shown to accommodate 3% coherent strain at equilibrium, a factor of
3 increase over the 1 nm equilibrium critical thickness for planar
Si/Ge heteroepitaxial growth
Direct Measurement of Coherency Limits for Strain Relaxation in Heteroepitaxial Core/Shell Nanowires
The growth of heteroepitaxially strained semiconductors
at the
nanoscale enables tailoring of material properties for enhanced device
performance. For core/shell nanowires (NWs), theoretical predictions
of the coherency limits and the implications they carry remain uncertain
without proper identification of the mechanisms by which strains relax.
We present here for the Ge/Si core/shell NW system the first experimental
measurement of critical shell thickness for strain relaxation in a
semiconductor NW heterostructure and the identification of the relaxation
mechanisms. Axial and tangential strain relief is initiated by the
formation of periodic <i>a</i>/2 ⟨110⟩ perfect
dislocations via nucleation and glide on {111} slip-planes. Glide
of dislocation segments is directly confirmed by real-time in situ
transmission electron microscope observations and by dislocation dynamics
simulations. Further shell growth leads to roughening and grain formation
which provides additional strain relief. As a consequence of core/shell
strain sharing in NWs, a 16 nm radius Ge NW with a 3 nm Si shell is
shown to accommodate 3% coherent strain at equilibrium, a factor of
3 increase over the 1 nm equilibrium critical thickness for planar
Si/Ge heteroepitaxial growth