使われ方からみた小学校オープンスペースの再評価─沖縄県うるま市の場合─

　　More than 45 years have passed since elementary schools with open spaces started to be built in Japan. This paper researches how the spaces designed in those early days have been used and assesses whether they are still effectively used. The points are: whether they have been adapted flexibly to new educational requirements or needs; whether the furniture in the spaces has been appropriately installed; how the furniture has been used during intervals and after-class; and how the spaces have been used for school events and during class hours. The four targeted schools, built in the 1980s, are located in Gushikawa District （formerly Gushikawa City）, Uruma City, Okinawa Prefecture, where various types of schools with open spaces built in the early days of this movement survive and some of which the author has been following since they were built.　　The results show that the open spaces have been used effectively and in accordance with their intended purpose, and that they have changed as demands changed over time. The open spaces have been important as children’s free space during intervals and after-school hours, and were useful for events, communication with the local community, and PTA activities. Various pieces of furniture were installed, separating the spaces so that multi-purpose use by children and teachers was possible, but the small amount of furniture suggested that classes with large numbers and those that incorporated team teaching, integrated study and continuous learning could not always be held when desired. Enlarged libraries that include open space are in active use. Naturally, the shape and the size of the space limited usage by large groups: whole school events, activities for multiple grades, or several classes together were difficult. A space designed exclusively for children who need special support would be beneficial

A study of microbial communities and interactions in extremely acidic environments

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Odor Problems in Toilets with Reduced Ventilation Frequencies

Japan’s toilets are generally ventilated 15 times per hour. Despite the development in toilets, the ventilation frequency in toilets has not been changed in recent times. Therefore, there is a possibility that toilets are being excessively ventilated. Reducing the ventilation frequency increases the return air to the heat exchanger and improves the efficiency of the heat exchanger. For an optimal ventilation frequency, we introduce a system that could control the exhaust air using sensors. The primary issue is the odor caused by reducing the ventilation frequency. In this study, we aim to eliminate the odor as quickly as possible by providing an exhaust port at the bottom of the wall (hereinafter referred as “baseboard deodorization”). First, we examined the relationship among the odor sensor, human’s olfactory odor identification and ventilation volumes with the toilet in operation to verify the usefulness of the sensors. Next, the air environment was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results of the measurements and questionnaire survey indicate a correlation between the degree of contamination in the air and the odor intensity. The CFD analyses demonstrated, even after the frequency of ventilation reduced to 5 times per hour, that the ammonia concentration obtained was equivalent to 15 times per hour. To solve the odor problem due to the ventilation reduction, it is important to evacuate air immediately after the odor is generated. Among others, it was observed that a baseboard deodorization system contributes significantly to the reduction in ammonia concentration

System Using Tandem Repeats of the cA Peptidoglycan-Binding Domain from Lactococcus lactis for Display of both N- and C-Terminal Fusions on Cell Surfaces of Lactic Acid Bacteria▿

Here, we established a system for displaying heterologous protein to the C terminus of the peptidoglycan-binding domain (cA domain) of AcmA (a major autolysin from Lactococcus lactis). Western blot and flow cytometric analyses revealed that the fusion proteins (cA-AmyA) of the cA domain and α-amylase from Streptococcus bovis 148 (AmyA) are efficiently expressed and successfully displayed on the surfaces of L. lactis cells. AmyA was also displayed on the cell surface while retaining its activity. Moreover, with an increase in the number of cA domains, the quantity of cA-AmyA fusion proteins displayed on the cell surface increased. When three repeats of the cA domain were used as an anchor protein, 82% of α-amylase activity was detected on the cells. The raw starch-degrading activity of AmyA was significantly higher when AmyA was fused to the C terminus of the cA domain than when it was fused to the N terminus. In addition, cA-AmyA fusion proteins were successfully displayed on the cell surfaces of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei