Serum carotenoid tertiles by 7-year IMT_mean change (adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer, BMI, SBP, IMT_mean, smoking, serum LDL cholesterol, physical activity, CHD in family, antihypertensive medication and serum hs-CRP.

<p>Probability values are for trend. Carotenoid tertiles (µmol/L): lycopene: ≤0.09, 0.10–0.19, ≥0.20; α-carotene: ≤0.07, 0.08–0.11, ≥0.12; β-carotene: ≤0.26, 0.27–0.41, ≥0.42.</p

Baseline characteristics of the men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CCA-IMT = intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery wall; CHD = coronary heart disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; SBP = systolic blood pressure.</p>a<p>Values are given mean (SD) and percentages.</p>b<p>p for differences between smokers and non-smokers (one-way ANOVA).</p>c<p>Pack-year denote the lifelong exposure to smoking, estimated as the product of years smoked and the number of tobacco products smoked daily at the time of examination.</p

Change in IMT_max (mm) (95% Cl) over 7-years by tertiles of serum carotenoid concentrations, the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

a<p>Adjusted p-value from covariance analysis.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer and mean of IMT_max.</p>c<p>Adjusted for Model 1 + BMI, SBP, smoking, physical activity, serum LDL-c, family CHD history and drug for hypertension.</p>d<p>Adjusted for Model 2+hs-CRP.</p><p>Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064107#pone-0064107-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Serum carotenoid tertiles by 7-year IMT_max change (adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer, BMI, SBP, IMT_max, smoking, serum LDL cholesterol, physical activity, CHD in family, antihypertensive medication and serum hs-CRP.

<p>Probability values are for trend. Carotenoid tertiles (µmol/L): lycopene: ≤0.09, 0.10–0.19, ≥0.20; α-carotene: ≤0.07, 0.08–0.11, ≥0.12; β-carotene: ≤0.26, 0.27–0.41, ≥0.42.</p

Spearman's correlation coefficients among serum levels of carotenoids and atherosclerosis risk factors at baseline: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

*<p>p<0.05.</p><p>Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064107#pone-0064107-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Change in IMT_mean (mm) (95% Cl) over 7-years by tertiles of serum carotenoid concentrations, the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study.

a<p>Adjusted p-value from covariance analysis.</p>b<p>Adjusted for age, examination year, ultrasound sonographer and mean of IMT_mean.</p>c<p>Adjusted for Model 1+BMI, SBP, smoking, physical activity, serum LDL cholesterol, family CHD history and drug for hypertension.</p>d<p>Adjusted for Model 2+hs-CRP (Model 3).</p><p>Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064107#pone-0064107-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Forest plots of the HR of the combined endpoint per one SD of average mean CCA-IMT (with 95% CIs).

<p>Panel I: Group A (asymptomatic individuals with three or more CVD risk factors), HR adjusted for age, sex and annual mean CCA-IMT change (model 1). Panel II: Group A (asymptomatic individuals with three or more CVD risk factors), HR adjusted for age, sex, annual mean CCA-IMT change and other CVD risk factors (model 2). Panel III: Group B (asymptomatic individuals with carotid plaques), HR adjusted for age, sex and annual mean CCA-IMT change (model 1). Panel IV: Group B (asymptomatic individuals with carotid plaques), HR adjusted for age, sex, annual mean CCA-IMT change and other CVD risk factors (model 2). Panel V: Group C (individuals with previous CVD events), HR adjusted for age, sex and annual mean CCA-IMT change (model 1). Panel VI: Group C (individuals with previous CVD events), HR adjusted for age, sex, annual mean CCA-IMT change and other CVD risk factors (model 2).</p

Meta-regression plot for the HR (combined endpoint) per SD of annual mean CCA-IMT change (model 1), by the correlation of baseline and follow-up common CIMT.

<p>The size of each circle represents the precision of the log HR.</p

Forest plots of the HR of the combined endpoint per one SD of annual mean CCA-IMT change (with 95% CIs).

<p>Panel I: Group A (asymptomatic individuals with three or more CVD risk factors), HR adjusted for age, sex and average mean CCA-IMT (model 1). Panel II: Group A (asymptomatic individuals with three or more CVD risk factors), HR adjusted for age, sex, average mean CCA-IMT and other CVD risk factors (model 2). Panel III: Group B (asymptomatic individuals with carotid plaques), HR adjusted for age, sex and average mean CCA-IMT (model 1). Panel IV: Group B (asymptomatic individuals with carotid plaques), HR adjusted for age, sex, average mean CCA-IMT and other CVD risk factors (model 2). Panel V: Group C (individuals with previous CVD events), HR adjusted for age, sex and average mean CCA-IMT (model 1). Panel VI: Group C (individuals with previous CVD events), HR adjusted for age, sex, average mean CCA-IMT and other CVD risk factors (model 2).</p

Cohorts and subsamples.

<p>Cohorts and subsamples.</p