Exosomes: Large-scale production, isolation, drug loading efficiency, and biodistribution and uptake

Exosomes are nanovesicles with different contents that play a role in various biological and pathological processes. It offers significant advantages over other delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Although exosomes are expected to be effective therapeutic agents, their optimal use remains a challenge. The development of methods for large-scale production, isolation, and drug loading is necessary to improve their efficiency and therapeutic potential. In this review, after mentioning general properties and biological functions of the exosomes, details of their potential for use in the drug delivery system are presented. For this purpose, methodologies for the large-scale production of exosomes, exosome isolation, exosomal cargo loading, and exosome uptake by the recipient cell are reviewed. The current challenges and potential directions of this new area of drug delivery that has become popular recently are also investigated.Ege Univer-sity Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [22868]Acknowledgments This work was supported through research grants from Ege Univer-sity Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit with a project num-ber of 22868

New developments in supercritical fluids as a green technology: Processing of β-glucanase with sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide

There is evidence that high pressure can lead to changes in the stability and activation of enzymes, even though the majority of cases reported the inactivation of harmful enzymes. Supercritical fluids have attracted attention recently in green biotechnological processes. In this study, the aim is to investigate the capability of supercritical carbon dioxide to positively alter the stability and activity of hydrolytic enzymes as an alternative technique. The effects of operational parameters such as pressure (60–300 bar), temperature (28–80 °C), CO2 flow rate (2–10 g/min) and time (60–180 min) were evaluated with respect to the activity and stability of β-glucanase. The highest activity of β-glucanase was measured as 18.39 μmol/mL/min at 240 bar, 90 min, 67 °C and 8 g/min flow rate with SC-CO2 applications. In addition, the most active processed enzyme was employed in 11 subsequent enzymatic reactions after being immobilized in NaY zeolite with 71 % efficiency. The increased activity of the enzyme and prolonged useful life by ensuring its reuse can create a competitive advantage in the industry

Monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy

WOS: 000452543200139PubMed ID: 30311129Nowadays, in cancer treatments, immunotherapy which can be classified as a cancer type specific therapy is more popular than non-specific therapy methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The main aim of immunotherapy is to enable patients' immune system to target cancer cells and destroy them. The mainly used treatment methods in cancer immunotherapy are cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we discuss the immunotherapy approaches, especially monoclonal antibodies which are mostly used in cancer immunotherapy in clinical applications

Influenza Vaccine: An Engineering Vision from Virological Importance to Production

According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) every year, millions of people are affected by flu. Flu is a disease caused by influenza viruses. For preventing this, seasonal influenza vaccinations are widely considered the most efficient way to protect against the negative effects of the flu. To date, there is no one-size-fits-all vaccine that can be effective all over the world to protect against all seasonal or pandemic influenza virus types. Because influenza virus transforms its genetic structure and it can emerges as immunogenically new (antigenic drift) which causes epidemics or new virus subtype (antigenic shift) which causes pandemics. As a result, annual revaccination or new subtype viral vaccine development is required. Currently, three types of vaccines (inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant) are approved in different countries. These can be named conventional influenza vaccines and their production are based on eggs or cell culture. Although, there is good effort to develop new influenza vaccines for broader and longer period of time protection. In this sense these candidate vaccines are called universal influenza vaccines. In this article, after we mentioned the short history of flu then virus morphology and infection, we explained the diseases caused by the influenza virus in humans. Afterward, we explained in detail the production methods of available influenza vaccines, types of bioreactors used in cell culture based production, conventional and new vaccine types, and development strategies for better vaccines

Delivery of pemetrexed by magnetic nanoparticles: design, characterization, in vitro and in vivo assessment

ak, Guliz/0000-0001-9613-6348; SANLIER, SENAY/0000-0001-6532-7221WOS: 000497833300001PubMed: 31750758Drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles have been developed because of the advantages of specific drug targeting in cancer treatment. Pemetrexed (PEM) is a multi-targeting antifolate agent that is effective for the treatment of many cancers, for example, non-small cell lung cancer. Here, PEM loaded magnetic O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) nanoparticles were prepared to deliver PEM on tumor tissue with an external magnetic field. the modification of chitosan to O-CMC was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Nanoparticle synthesis was performed via ionic gelation method. the diameter of magnetic O-CMC nanoparticles (MCMC) was found to be 130.1 +/- 22.96 nm. After PEM loading, diameter was found to be 123.9 +/- 11.42 nm. the drug release of PEM loaded MCMC (PMCMC) was slower in physiological medium than in acidic medium. A549-luc-C8 and CRL5807 cell lines were used for MTT test which showed that IC50 values of nanoparticles were lower than PEM. the antitumor efficiency of PMCMC in xenograft tumor model was examined with in vivo imaging system (IVIS) and caliper and with hematological analyses. in vivo studies revealed that PMCMC had targeted antitumor activity in A549-luc-C8-tumor-bearing mice compared to PEM. As a result, it was suggested that PMCMC have great potential for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.Ege University Scientific Research Project Office, Ege Universitesi [2013 ILAM 002]We would like to thank Ege University Scientific Research Project Office, Ege Universitesi (Project ID: 2013 ILAM 002) for the financial support