Flow およびその周辺概念に関する質問紙作成に向けての量的研究

本研究の第1の目的は、心理的に最高の状態である競技中のFlow特性を探索的因子分析によって明らかにし、Csikszentmihalyi の Flow 特性、Jackson の作成した質問紙と比較し再検討することである。第2の目的は、スポーツ競技選手が試合において最高の状態を生み出す競技前の心理状態と要素とその背景を検討することである。高校生・大学生のスポーツ競技者男子284名、女子79名の合計363名に対し、質問紙によるアンケート調査を行った。探索的因子分析の結果、競技中の状態は「高い効力感とはっきりとしたフィードバック」「動きの自動化」「自己コントロール感」「注意の集中」「自己超越感」「明確な目標の認知」「非日常性の認知」の7因子、競技前の状態は「良好な心身のコンディション」「競技への集中」「サポーターの支持」「心理的負担の軽減」「参加への満足感」の5因子が抽出された。また、分散分析の結果、競技年数や競技レベルで差が見られた。The purpose of this research was to clarify the flow characteristic of the highest psychological state during a game by exploring factor analysis, and to reexamine this state by comparing it with flow concept by Csikszentmihalyi and the questionnaire about flow made by Jackson. This research also aims to examine the psychological state, elements, and background before the athletes attain a heightened state in the game. The questionnaire respondents were 284 male athletes and 79 female athletes (total 363 athletes), comprising high-school and university students. As a result of exploring factor analysis, in the state during the game 7 factors were found : high efficacy and unambiguous feedback, automation of action, sense of self-control, focusing, sense of self-transcendence, perception of clear goals, and perception of extraordinariness. In the state before the game 5 factors were found : good physical and mental condition, concentration for competition, support by cheering people, reduction of psychological stress, and sense of satisfaction for participation. Moreover, a difference was seen in the game years and game level as a result of a decentralized analysis

視覚的干渉課題を用いた運動技能の習熟段階の検討

本研究の目的は技能の習熟段階を特定するための手段として, 視覚的干渉課題を用いた方法の妥当性を検討することであった。学習初期には視覚的イメージが課題遂行に重要な役割を果たすために, 動作遂行時に視覚的干渉を与えるとパフォーマンスは低下するが, 技能の習熟に伴い動作が自動化すると, 干渉の影響を受けなくなることが考えられる。したがって視覚的干渉を与えた場合と与えなかった場合のパフォーマンスを概観することによって, 動作の習熟段階を把握することが可能となろう。7名の男子被験者が実験に参加した。課題は直径205mmの円を1.2秒で正確に描くことであった。被験者はまず練習盤を用いた身体拘束練習を15試行行った。その後練習盤なしで6試行を行い, 各試行後にKRが与えられた。6試行は視覚的干渉を与えた条件 (VI) 3試行と与えない条件 (NI) 3試行がランダムな順序で行われた。視覚的干渉としては無意味綴りが呈示され, 各試行後に綴りを言語報告するよう指示された。以上を1セットとして15セット, 翌日再び15セットを行った。依存変数は基準円に対する描写円の逸脱面積の絶対誤差 (AAE) 及び恒常誤差 (ACE), 基準円の円周に対する描写軌跡の恒常誤差 (LCE), 目標時間に対する動作時間誤差 (MTE) であった。各指標毎に7名分の平均値を分析した結果, いくつかの指標においてVI条件, NI条件それぞれに学習効果が認められたが, 両条件間のパフォーマンスの差の減少はいずれも有意でなかった。これは被験者の個人間差が大きかったためである。そのため, 各被験者毎にパフォーマンス曲線を描き学習効果を分析した。その結果2日間の練習を通して誤差が減少し安定すると同時に, VI-NI条件のパフォーマンスに接近が認められる被験者もいた。全体を通して, 視覚的干渉を与えた課題のパフォーマンスから, 動作の習熟段階を検討することが可能であることが示唆された。問題点としては今回の実験では完全な動作の自動化段階に達するには, 練習試行数が不足していたことが考えられ, 今後より長期的に練習を行った場合のパフォーマンスを追跡してみる必要性があげられた。The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of methods using a visual interference task as a means to identify motor skill learning stages. It was hypothesized that performance would drop when visual interference was given during movement execution. However, visual interference would have no effect on performance when movement was automatized as the skill was learned. Thus movement learning stages would be recognized in more detail by observing performance with and without visual interference. Seven male subjects participated to the experiment. The task was to draw a circle precisely in I . 2 sec. The diameter of the circle was 205 mm. Subjects performed restricted practice 15 times with a grooved disk. After that, they drew the circle six times without the disk. They received KR after each trial. The six trials included three trials with visual interference (VI condition) and another three trials with no visual interference (NI condition). Order of the two conditions in six trials were random. Nonsense letters were displayed during movement execution as visual interference, and subjects were instructed to report the letters orally after each trial. One set included these 21 trials. Subjects performed 15 sets on the first day and performed another 15 sets the following day. Dependent variables were absolute errors and constant errors of the area deviated from the criterion circle (AAE and ACE, respectively), constant errors of length of the drawn trace to the circumference of the criterion circle (LCE), and movement time errors (MTE). In some variables, learning effect was recognized both in VI and NI conditions ; however, decrease of the difference between the performances of the two conditions was not significant. This was because of a large difference between each subject\u27s performance. For this reason, we analyzed learning effect by drawing a performance curve for each subject. From the results, some subjects showed a decrease and stabilization of errors and an approach between performances in VI-NI conditions during the two-day practice. Through these analyses, it was suggested that movement learning stages were able to be examined by observing the performance of the task with visual interference. As a problem of this study, it was pointed out that the number of practice trials was too small to attain a completely automatic stage in movement execution. Thus, we need to investigate performance after practicing for longer periods of time in future studie

運動イメージにおける脳イメージング研究の動向

A number of national level athletes use imagery for enhancement of their performance and preparation of competition. Hence researchers have been striving to understand the use of imagery by athletes with ultimate goal being the development of more effective imagery training intervention. Present finding that motor imagery is a neural process of mental rehearsal of a movement by activating motor-relate areas, which are normally engaged in the actual execution of movement. The principle of this functional equivalence suggests that similar neural processes are involved in the physical execution, mental simulation and observation of movement since each operation is proposed to be assigned to the same internal brain representation. It was proposed that a better understanding of the athletes\u27 images can serve as a guide to future research from a practical perspective, facilitate the development of more effective imagery interventions. What we will present, therefore, is an approach based on fundamental cognitive neuropsychology in an attempt to provide a better understanding of mechanism involved in the motor imagery. If we recognize that sport is not performed in a hyper-relaxed state, we should also recognize that the motor imagery of sport should not be either

Directional Errors in Retention of a Pressure Control Skill as a Function of the Nature of an Interpolated Task

The present study examined directional error shifts (assimilation or contrast) in the reproduction of a criterion pressure control task (2kg) following either 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5kg and a noninterpolated pressure control task. Eight independent groups of subjects (N=120) were tested. The results showed that when an interpolated forces was greater in magnitude than the criterion one, the subjects produced a significantly smaller magnitude of force than the criterion one. These results supported the contrast effect and not the assimilation effect

中高年の運動活動が心身面に及ぼす影響について

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of middle-advanced age\u27s exercise on psychological and physical aspects. Subjects in this study were 8 males and 5 females. Their average ages were 58.0 ± 8.2. They were asked to perform aerobic exercise for 30 minutes and stretching about 30 minutes before and after aerobic exercise. They exercised two times per a week for three months. As a result, the following main effects were detected. 1) Psychological aspects (POMS and motivation of exercise behavior) changed to a positive profile. 2) All physical abilities were not enhanced by this aerobic exercise program, but at least the physical abilities before this program were maintained. 3) Amounts of triglyceride (TG) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) showed a significant decrease (p < .05)

水泳競技に於ける心理的コンディションの診断について : バウムテストとPCTを手掛かりとして

If it is possible to objectively diagnose a swimmer\u27s psychological condition before competition, then appropriate psychological conditioning might be prepared by the coach or swimmer. In the present study, it was assumed that both the Tree Test and PCT may be useful to diagnose a competitive swimmer\u27s psychological condition. The main purpose of this study is to examine the diagnostic validity of the two psychological tests in competitive swimming. Sixty-five college swimmers took part in this study. The two psychological tests were administered to all subjects before two major competitions. The relationship between records of the race and results of the psychological tests were analyzed. As the results, it was illustrated that both the Tree Test and PCT have some degree of diagnostic validity

力量調整課題の短期記憶における筋感覚的イメージの干渉効果

The purpose of this study was to examine the functional equivalence of kinesthetic imagery and movement in experiments using an isometric force task. This experiment involved the reproduction of a pressure control task (2 kg). Three independent groups (N=48) were included : 1 kg force group (1 kgFG), 2kg force group (2 kgFG), 3kg force group (3 kgFG). The experimental protocol consisted of four parts : 1) original learning session (40trials) ; 2) pretest session (3 trials) ; 3) 10trials with experimental session (1 kgFG=10trials with actual trial 1 kg ; 2 kgFG=10trials with actual trial 2 kg ; 3 kgFG=10trials with actual trial 3 kg) ; 4) recall (post) test session (3 trials). Constant errors were examined between groups by ANOVA. CE of 3 kgFG in recall test were significantly larger than those of 1 kgFG and 2 kgFG

アーチェリーにおける標的の視覚的補助がエイミングの注視運動に及ぼす影響

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of an assisting mark, The a cross (a vertical line and a horizon line), which was put on the target to stabilize aiming in archery. Subjects in this study were nine male and one female university archers. They were required to aim at the center of the target for 5 sec. as in archery competition. Dependent valuables were frequency, angle of eye movement and eye fixation time. This study assumed that the presense of a cross on the target makes it easier to aim than under normal conditions. Hypotheses were as follows : (1) Frequency of eye movement for the cross condition is less than that for normal condition in aiming. (2) Eye fixation time for the cross condition is longer than that for normal condition in aiming. (3) Angle of eye movement on cross line condition is smaller than that for normal condition in aiming. The results of analysis indicated that the three hypothesizes were supported and that subjects focused attention on the center of the target when the cross was present on the target

最大筋力発揮イメージ想起時の瞳孔反応について

The purpose of this study was to examine pupillary responses in imagery of maximum muscle strength. Subjects in this study were male and female physical education students (N = 21). They were divided into three groups on scores of imagery as "performing" in VMI test III. These groups were ; (a) imagery training (IM), (b) imagery and performance training (IMP), and (c) control (C). The task was maximum muscle strength by grip. Two different pupil sizes, measured during imaging from in resting and during performing from in imaging, were measured as dependent valuables. The results indicated the following : 1) The pupil size measured during imaging from in resting was the lowest in post test of IMP. 2) The pupil size measured during performing from in imaging was the hightest in post test of IMP. 3) In both pre- and post tests of the pupil size which was taken during performance from in imaging was not equal by each trial. These findings seem to suggest that imagery and performance training will debilitate pupillary responses