Cyclo­hexane-1,2-diammonium bis­(pyridine-2-carboxyl­ate)

In the dication of the title salt, C6H16N2 2+·2C6H4NO2 −, the two ammonium groups are in the equatorial positions of the chair-shaped cyclo­hexyl ring. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked by N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a layer network parallel to the ac plane. Weak π–π inter­actions between adjacent pyridine rings with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.589 (2) Å are also present

Bis(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2 N,N′)dichlorido­platinum(IV) dichloride monohydrate

In the title complex, [PtCl2(C10H8N2)2]Cl2·H2O, the Pt4+ ion is six-coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral environment by four N atoms from the two 2,2′-bipyridine ligands and two Cl atoms. As a result of the different trans influences of the N and Cl atoms, the Pt—N bonds trans to the Cl atom are slightly longer than those trans to the N atom. The compound displays inter­molecular hydrogen bonding between the water mol­ecule and the Cl anions. There are inter­molecular π–π inter­actions between adjacent pyridine rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.962 Å

Vav1 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption

Vav1 is a Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. In this study, we investigated the potential role of Vav1 in osteoclast (OC) differentiation by comparing the ability of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) obtained from Vav1-deficient (Vav1−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice to differentiate into mature OCs upon stimulation with macrophage colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand in vitro. Our results suggested that Vav1 deficiency promoted the differentiation of BMMCs into OCs, as indicated by the increased expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor. Therefore, Vav1 may play a negative role in OC differentiation. This hypothesis was supported by the observation of more OCs in the femurs of Vav1−/− mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, the bone status of Vav1−/− mice was analyzed in situ and the femurs of Vav1−/− mice appeared abnormal, with poor bone density and fewer number of trabeculae. In addition, Vav1-deficient OCs showed stronger adhesion to vitronectin, an αvβ3 integrin ligand important in bone resorption. Thus, Vav1 may inhibit OC differentiation and protect against bone resorption

Chuna (or Tuina) Manual Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective. To review the literature and systematically evaluate the effectiveness of Chuna (or Tuina) manual therapy (C[T]MT) on pain and function for musculoskeletal disorders. Methods. We searched 15 English, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean databases using relevant keywords. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of C(T)MT for musculoskeletal disorders were considered, and we limited analyses to studies with a low-risk bias for randomization and/or allocation concealment. Results. Sixty-six RCTs with 6,170 participants were included. One sham-controlled RCT showed that C(T)MT relieved pain more effectively than a sham control (SMD -3.09 [-3.59, -2.59]). For active-controlled RCTs, pooled meta-analysis showed that C(T)MT had statistically significant effects on pain reduction, especially compared to traction (P<0.00001), drugs (P=0.04), and physical therapies (P<0.0001). For functional improvement, combined effects of C(T)MT with drugs (P=0.04) and traction (P=0.05) also showed similar positive effects. Conclusions. This systematic review suggests that C(T)MT is safe and effective for pain reduction and functional improvement for musculoskeletal diseases; however, the evidence for functional improvement was not as strong as for pain reduction. For future studies, high-quality RCTs such as sham-controlled studies with standardized interventions are needed to provide sufficient evidence on the effects of C(T)MT for musculoskeletal diseases. Protocol registration number is CRD42016038307 04/07/2016