Phylogeography of Rhinichthys cataractae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae): pre-glacial colonization across the Great Continental Divide and Pleistocene diversification within the Rio Grande drainage

The longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae, is a primary freshwater fish inhibiting riffle habitats in small headwater rivers and streams across the North American continent, including drainages east and west of the Continental Divide. Phylogenetic analyses of 1140 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b gene and 2298-2346 bp of the nuclear-encoded genes S7 and RAG1 were obtained from 87 individuals of R. cataractae (collected throughout its range) and from several close relatives recovered a monophyletic R. cataractae species-group that contained R. evermanni, R. sp ―Millicoma dace‖ and R. cataractae; a monophyletic R. cataractae was not recovered. Within the R. cataractae species-group, two well-supported clades were identified, including a western clade (containing R. evermanni, R. sp. ―Millicoma dace‖ and individuals of R. cataractae from Pacific slope drainages) and an eastern clade (containing individuals of R. cataractae from Arctic, Atlantic, and Gulf slope drainages). Within the eastern clade of R. cataractae, two well-supported groups were recovered: a southeastern group, containing individuals from the Atlantic slope, southern tributaries of the Mississippi River drainage, and the Rio Grande drainage; and a northeastern group, containing individuals from the Arctic slope and northern tributaries to the Mississippi River. Estimates of the timing of divergence within the R. cataractae species-group, combined with ancestral area-reconstruction methods, indicate a separation between the eastern and western clades during the Pliocene to early-Pleistocene, with a direction of colonization from the west of the Continental Divide eastward. Within the southern portion of its range, Rhinichthys cataractae likely entered the Rio Grande drainage during the Pleistocene via stream capture events between the Arkansas River (Mississippi River drainage) and headwaters of the Rio Grande. A close relationship between populations of R. cataractae in the Rio Grande drainage and the adjacent Canadian River (Mississippi River drainage) is consistent with hypothesized stream capture events between the Pecos and Canadian rivers during the late-Pleistocene. The population of R. cataractae in the lower Rio Grande appears to have separated from other populations in the Rio Grande drainage (upper Rio Grande and Pecos River) and Canadian River (Mississippi River drainage) during the late-Pleistocene, well before initiation of recent and significant anthropogenic disturbance within the Rio Grande drainage

Phylogeography of Rhinichthys cataractae (Teleostei: Cyprinidae): pre-glacial colonization across the Great Continental Divide and Pleistocene diversification within the Rio Grande drainage

The longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae, is a primary freshwater fish inhibiting riffle habitats in small headwater rivers and streams across the North American continent, including drainages east and west of the Continental Divide. Phylogenetic analyses of 1140 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b gene and 2298-2346 bp of the nuclear-encoded genes S7 and RAG1 were obtained from 87 individuals of R. cataractae (collected throughout its range) and from several close relatives recovered a monophyletic R. cataractae species-group that contained R. evermanni, R. sp ―Millicoma dace‖ and R. cataractae; a monophyletic R. cataractae was not recovered. Within the R. cataractae species-group, two well-supported clades were identified, including a western clade (containing R. evermanni, R. sp. ―Millicoma dace‖ and individuals of R. cataractae from Pacific slope drainages) and an eastern clade (containing individuals of R. cataractae from Arctic, Atlantic, and Gulf slope drainages). Within the eastern clade of R. cataractae, two well-supported groups were recovered: a southeastern group, containing individuals from the Atlantic slope, southern tributaries of the Mississippi River drainage, and the Rio Grande drainage; and a northeastern group, containing individuals from the Arctic slope and northern tributaries to the Mississippi River. Estimates of the timing of divergence within the R. cataractae species-group, combined with ancestral area-reconstruction methods, indicate a separation between the eastern and western clades during the Pliocene to early-Pleistocene, with a direction of colonization from the west of the Continental Divide eastward. Within the southern portion of its range, Rhinichthys cataractae likely entered the Rio Grande drainage during the Pleistocene via stream capture events between the Arkansas River (Mississippi River drainage) and headwaters of the Rio Grande. A close relationship between populations of R. cataractae in the Rio Grande drainage and the adjacent Canadian River (Mississippi River drainage) is consistent with hypothesized stream capture events between the Pecos and Canadian rivers during the late-Pleistocene. The population of R. cataractae in the lower Rio Grande appears to have separated from other populations in the Rio Grande drainage (upper Rio Grande and Pecos River) and Canadian River (Mississippi River drainage) during the late-Pleistocene, well before initiation of recent and significant anthropogenic disturbance within the Rio Grande drainage

Seismic response of beam-column joints rehabilitated with FRP sheets and buckling restrained braces

An experimental test was performed to evaluate the seismic resistance of reinforced concrete beam-column joints rehabilitated with FRP sheets and Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs). Six beam-column joints were rehabilitated and tested. The test results were compared in terms of hysteresis loops, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation and ductility. The comparison result showed that wrapping FRP sheets can contribute to increase the effect of confinement and to delay crack development in the joints. Also retrofitting buckling restrained braces (BRBs) can improve the stiffness and energy dissipation capacity. Both FRP sheets and BRBs can effectively improve the strength, stiffness and ductility

Investigation of the physicochemical features and mixing of East/Japan Sea Intermediate Water: An isopycnic analysis approach

We present spatial distributions of the mixing ratio and properties of the East/Japan Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) at its core density layer (σθ = 27.2–27.3) based on high-quality hydrographic data observed in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) during summer 1999. ESIW is defined as a source water type showing minimum salinity and maximum dissolved oxygen concentration. ESIW plays an important role in supplying dissolved oxygen and transporting anthropogenic carbon into the intermediate/deep layers in EJS. Studying the ESIW formation and distribution processes may provide insights on EJS\u27s shallow- to mid-depth thermohaline circulation and recent ocean changes. Here, we combine the previously estimated mixing ratio of ESIW, based on Optimum Multi-Parameter (OMP) analysis, and its physicochemical properties, such as pressure, dissolved oxygen, and phosphate, interpolated onto several isopycnic surfaces (σθ = 27.20, 27.25, and 27.30). The physicochemical properties of ESIW show steep north-south gradients across the subpolar front at 40–41°N. Higher dissolved oxygen concentrations (≥335 μmol kg–1) of ESIW are found in the western Japan Basin particularly off the Primorye coast, indicating a potential source region. The spatial and depth distributions of apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) on the ESIW isopycnic surfaces indicate that the subduction of ESIW occurs at 131–133°E (Ulleung Basin) across the subpolar front to the south. The density layer of ESIW shoals near the Korean coast in the Ulleung Basin, implying a potential link to coastal upwelling. The relative age of ESIW at its core layer is estimated from the oxygen utilization rate and AOU. The correlation between the pCFC12 and relative ages, and AOU estimated at 90% surface water oxygen saturation condition suggests a decadal-scale ventilation of ESIW (≤24 years). Younger waters at the ESIW coexist with the high-salinity intermediate water at the same density layer in the eastern Japan Basin. Our analysis suggests that ESIW is sensitive to climate forcing and an important shallow- to mid-depth thermohaline circulation component of EJS

Numerical modeling to analysis the abrasion of knee joint by walking pattern

In current studies, growing up of treatment of the knee joint damage such as arthritis, the research to prevent knee joint is under way. As knee joints could be damaged by various types of motion, one of the most influential factor of the abrasion on the knee joint is progressed by walking. It could be classified as 3 types of walking, 1. Walking plain, 2. Climbing stairs or uphill and 3. Going down. In this study, to find the damaged point of knee joint, the following ways would be used. After comparing the knee joint angle with interior and exterior movement of the knee in accordance with the joint dynamics of typical height, the walking pattern for walking up the stairs can be comprehended. It could be shown the variation of the center of rotation of knee joint. From this, the contact point which is pressed on the knee joints in accordance with each walking pattern could be derived. The numerical modeling could be made by quantifying the variety that is caused by the center of mass of knee bone. It would be expected to calculate the contact point on the knee joint through walking patterns. This numerical model is considered of the kinematics system in our knee