Three essays on biofuel policies and aggregate supply curve

The first essay investigates the impacts of Brazil's new biofuel policy, namely RenovaBio. RenovaBio aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector through expansion of biofuels by requiring tradable decarbonization credits (CBIOs) associated with the GHG reductions achieved by biofuels. We model the CBIO and fuel markets using a partial equilibrium model to simulate the impacts of RenovaBio. As a result of the implementation of RenovaBio, biofuel consumption increases, and petroleum product use decreases to meet the CBIO compliance targets. Perhaps because of reduced targets during the pandemic, CBIO prices remain low, but our estimates highlight the potential for higher prices and large impacts. Results also show that RenovaBio can cause 7.2 percent of GHG abatement with an annual average compliance cost of R$ 36.3 billion. Total compliance costs are reduced if CBIO compliance targets are relaxed or there is good progress reducing biofuel carbon intensities. The second essay investigates the pass-through of the biodiesel-diesel price spread and BTC to the RIN price and estimate whether the market expectations about the reinstatement of the BTC have affected the RIN prices. The USA biodiesel tax credit (BTC) is a subsidy that could affect the cost of biofuel mandates in that country, but with uncertainty because the BTC is not continuously in place and is otherwise retroactively applicable. The biofuel mandate compliance certificate (RIN) price presumably depends on the price of fuels, such as biodiesel and diesel, as well as the BTC. Our estimated results shows that market participants' responses to the uncertainty of BTC might be different across time. These results could raise questions about whether an inconsistently applied BTC in the context of a blend mandate encourages biofuel expansion. The last essay develops aggregate supply response of Korean rice farms from the results of farm-level estimation. We first estimate supply components using detailed farm-level data. The farming area, land productivity, and farm exit are examined to see how those components are affected by the rice price and other determinants. We also estimate the debt-to-asset ratio that could influence farming area and farm exit. Then, we simulate the short- and long-run supply curves implied by aggregating farm-level responses to price changes. Given the price changes in our simulations, the price elasticities of Korean rice production are between 1.00-1.79 in the short run and 1.57-2.77 in the long run. The decomposed aggregate supply response into its three components shows that supply response might be under-estimated when we focus on only a component of total supply.Includes bibliographical references

The Interaction of Phospholipase C-{beta}3 with Shank2 Regulates mGluR-mediated Calcium Signal

Phospholipase C-{beta} isozymes that are activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and heterotrimeric G proteins carry a PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain binding motif at their C terminus. Through interactions with PDZ domains, this motif may endow the PLC-{beta} isozyme with specific roles in GPCR signaling events that occur in compartmentalized regions of the plasma membrane. In this study, we identified the interaction of PLC-{beta}3 with Shank2, a PDZ domain-containing multimodular scaffold in the postsynaptic density (PSD). The C terminus of PLC-{beta}3, but not other PLC-{beta} isotypes, specifically interacts with the PDZ domain of Shank2. Homer 1b, a Shank-interacting protein that is linked to group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and IP3 receptors, forms a multiple complex with Shank2 and PLC-{beta}3. Importantly, microinjection of a synthetic peptide specifically mimicking the C terminus of PLC-{beta}3 markedly reduces the mGluR-mediated intracellular calcium response. These results demonstrate that Shank2 brings PLC-{beta}3 closer to Homer 1b and constitutes an efficient mGluR-coupled signaling pathway in the PSD region of neuronal synapses

Role of G{alpha}12 and G{alpha}13 as Novel Switches for the Activity of Nrf2, a Key Antioxidative Transcription Factor

G{alpha}12 and G{alpha}13 function as molecular regulators responding to extracellular stimuli. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is involved in a protective adaptive response to oxidative stress. This study investigated the regulation of Nrf2 by G{alpha}12 and G{alpha}13. A deficiency of G{alpha}12, but not of G{alpha}13, enhanced Nrf2 activity and target gene transactivation in embryo fibroblasts. In mice, G{alpha}12 knockout activated Nrf2 and thereby facilitated heme catabolism to bilirubin and its glucuronosyl conjugations. An oligonucleotide microarray demonstrated the transactivation of Nrf2 target genes by G{alpha}12 gene knockout. G{alpha}12 deficiency reduced Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK)-dependent Nrf2 ubiquitination required for proteasomal degradation, and so did G{alpha}13 deficiency. The absence of G{alpha}12, but not of G{alpha}13, increased protein kinase C {delta} (PKC {delta}) activation and the PKC {delta}-mediated serine phosphorylation of Nrf2. G{alpha}13 gene knockout or knockdown abrogated the Nrf2 phosphorylation induced by G{alpha}12 deficiency, suggesting that relief from G{alpha}12 repression leads to the G{alpha}13-mediated activation of Nrf2. Constitutive activation of G{alpha}13 promoted Nrf2 activity and target gene induction via Rho-mediated PKC {delta} activation, corroborating positive regulation by G{alpha}13. In summary, G{alpha}12 and G{alpha}13 transmit a JNK-dependent signal for Nrf2 ubiquitination, whereas G{alpha}13 regulates Rho-PKC {delta}-mediated Nrf2 phosphorylation, which is negatively balanced by G{alpha}12

Dispersion of Vascular Plant in An-do, Korea

AbstractThe vascular plants observed in the area were composed of a total of 342 taxa; 104 families, 239 genus, 309 species, 30 varieties, 2 forms and 1 sub-species. The endangered species found in the area were Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schm. and Milletia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) A.Gray. The five endemic plants were found growing in the area like Carpinus coreana Nakai., Celtis choseniana Nakai, Clematis trichotoma, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora and Weigela subsessilis L.H.Bailey. Specialized plants of Geumodo were a total of 45 species; 34 taxa in Grade I, 10 taxa in Grade III, and 1 taxon in Grade V. Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schm. and Milletia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) A.Gray confirmed in this study formed a colony alongside the coast and mountain paths. Currently, the construction to build water supply and sewer systems destroyed part of the colony. Therefore, in the long-term perspective, the conservation plan such as comprehensive research and monitoring on the ecosystem shall be established to protect indeciduous plants in the warm temperate zone

Cyber Black Box: Network intrusion forensics system for collecting and preserving evidence of attack

Once the system is compromised, the forensics and investigation are always executed after the attacks and the loss of some useful instant evidence. Since there is no log information necessary for analyzing an attack cause after the cyber incident occurs, it is difficult to analyze the cause of an intrusion even after an intrusion event is recognized. Moreover, in an advanced cyber incident such as advanced persistent threats, several months or more are expended in only analyzing a cause, and it is difficult to find the cause with conventional security equipment. In this paper, we introduce a network intrusion forensics system for collecting and preserving the evidence of an intrusion, it is called Cyber Black Box that is deployed in Local Area Network environment. It quickly analyzes a cause of an intrusion event when the intrusion event occurs, and provides a function of collecting evidence data of the intrusion event. The paper also describes the experimental results of the network throughput performance by deploying our proposed system in an experimental testbed environment

Application of Optical Interferometry for Characterization of Thin-Film Adhesion

In this chapter, application of optical interferometry for the characterization of thin-film adhesion to the substrate is discussed. The thin-film system is configured as one of the end mirrors of a Michelson interferometer and oscillated with an acoustic transducer from the substrate side. The oscillation causes sinusoidal displacement of the film surface around the initial (neutral) position, and the interferometer detects its amplitude as the relative phase difference behind the beam splitter. When the driving frequency of this oscillation is tuned to a range where the film-substrate interface is dominantly oscillated, the elasticity of the interface can be analyzed from the oscillation amplitude. The principle of this method is straightforward but in reality, fluctuation of the initial phase (the relative phase corresponding to the initial film position) compromises the signal. A technique known as the carrier fringe method along with spatial frequency domain analysis is employed to reduce the noise associated with the initial phase fluctuation. The possibility of the present method to analyze the so-called blister effect on thin-film adhesion is discussed