우울과 공감적 반응성 간의 관계: EEG에서 뮤 리듬의 변화를 중심으로

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사범대학 교육학과(교육상담전공), 2023. 2. 김창대.The results regarding the relation between depression and empathic reactivity greatly vary despite numerous researches. The present study aims to deepen the understanding of and identify the correlation between depression and empathic reactivity through the measurement of mu rhythm. A total of 40 participants were divided into two groups – non-depressed (here forward referred to as the healthy group) and subclinically depressed (here forward referred to as the depressed group). Those who scored between 0-15 points in the CES-D questionnaire were placed in the healthy group, while those who scored 16-24 points were placed in the depressed group. Each group consisted of 20 participants. Of the 40, the data of 2 participants in the depressed group were removed due to data loss in the recording process. All participants satisfied the participation conditions, which included normal or corrected-to-normal vision, normal hearing, no history of mental illness, no intake of medicine that may affect neural activity, and right-handedness. Participants took the CES-D for group assignment and participated in the EEG experiment for the measurement of mu suppression. Participants were presented with pictures that showed painful situations and were instructed to either increase or decrease their level of empathic reactivity when viewing the pictures, according to the condition. Research findings showed that there was a significant interaction effect between group and condition. Furthermore, the healthy group showed a significant difference in mu suppression between the two conditions, with a stronger mu suppression in the increase condition. The depressed group, however, did not show a significant difference between the two conditions. Such results support past research in that top-down processing of depressed individuals cognitive empathy does not properly mediate empathic reactivity, leaving them not distinguishing between oneself and the other when empathizing. The current study also provides theoretical contributions by clearing up the contradicting results between depression and empathy through using an objective method of measuring neural reactivity, therefore confirming an important factor related to subclinical depression. The results provide an insight into the differing mechanism of those with a subclinical level of depression and suggests a pathway of intervention into depression. Limitations and future directions are further discussed.수많은 선행연구가 존재함에도 불구하고 우울과 공감의 상관에 대한 연구결과는 상이한 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 뮤 리듬을 측정해 우울과 공감의 관계에 대한 이해를 넓히고 상관관계를 확인하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 총 40명의 피험자들은 두 집단(비우울 집단과 준우울 집단)으로 나누어 배정했다. CES-D 척도에서 0~15점이 나온 경우 비우울 집단으로 배정하였으며, 16~24점이 나온 경우 준우울 집단으로 배정하였다. 각 집단에 20명씩 배정되었으며, 준우울집단 피험자 2명의 데이터 손상으로 인해 분석에 포함되지 않았다. 모든 참여자들은 참여조건(시력, 청력, 정신병력, 약 복용, 오른손잡이 여부 등)을 충족하였다. 피험자들은 집단 배정을 위해 CES-D 척도를 실시하였고, 뮤 리듬을 측정하기 위해 EEG 실험에 참여하였다. EEG 실험에서는 고통스러운 상황을 제시하는 사진들을 보았으며, 조건(공감, 비공감)에 따라 사진들을 바라도록 하였다. 연구결과 집단과 조건 간에 유의미한 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 더 구체적으로 살펴보았을 때, 비우울 집단은 두 조건 간 유의미한 뮤 리듬의 차이를 나타냈고, 공감 조건에 더 유의미한 뮤 리듬을 보였다. 그 반면, 준우울 집단은 두 조건 간 유의미한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는 우울한 경우, 인지적 공감 능력이 저하되어 조절하는 역할을 제대로 수행하지 못하고, 이로 인해 공감할 때 타인의 상황임에도 불구하고 본인의 상황인 것처럼 공감하게 되는 이전 연구들의 결과를 뒷받침한다. 또한 뇌파를 측정하여 보다 객관적인 측정방식으로 실험함으로써 우울과 공감 간 상반되는 이전 연구 결과들의 문제점을 보완하였고, 의미 있는 결과를 도출해내었다. 더 나아가, 준우울 수준의 우울을 지니고 있는 경우 달라지는 공감의 메커니즘을 파악하였고, 우울에 대한 개입 경로를 제안하였다. 한계점 및 향후 계획 또한 논의된다.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2.1 Research Objective 5 1.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses 6 2. Literature Review 7 2.1 Depression 7 2.1.1 Affective and Cognitive Processing in Depression 8 2.1.2 Depression and Empathy 9 2.2 Empathy 11 2.2.1 The Definition of Empathy 11 2.2.2 Affective and Cognitive Empathy 12 2.2.3 Roles and Neural Bases 14 2.2.3.1 Methods of Empathy 14 2.2.3.2 Top-down and Bottom-up Processing in Empathy 15 3. Methodology 17 3.1 Electroencephalogram (EEG) 17 3.2 Mu Suppression 18 3.3 Time Frequency Analysis 19 4. Experiment 21 4.1 Participants 21 4.2 General Procedures 21 4.3 Assessment Tools 25 4.3.1 Picture Stimuli 25 4.3.2 CES-D 26 4.4 EEG Data Acquisition 27 4.5 EEG Data Preprocessing and Time Frequency Analysis 27 4.6 Statistical Analysis 28 5. Results 29 5.1 Behavior Results 29 5.2 EEG Results 30 6. Discussion 33 6.1 Summary and Interpretation of the Results 33 6.2 Theoretical Contributions and Practical Implications 35 6.3 Limitations and Future Directions 36 7. Overall Conclusion 37 References 39 Appendix 51 Abstract in Korean 61석

Combined Striatum, Brain Stem, and Optic Nerve Involvement due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an Ambulatory Child

In children, Mycoplasma pneumoniae encephalitis has been characterized by acute onset of an encephalopathy associated with extrapyramidal symptoms and symmetric basal ganglia with or without brain stem involvement on magnetic resonance imaging. Our case, showing unilateral optic neuritis, ophthalmoplegia, no extrapyramidal symptoms, and typical striatal involvement on magnetic resonance imaging, broadens the spectrum of varying clinical manifestations of childhood M. pneumoniae-associated encephalopathy

Comparison of the Plasma Metabolome Profiles Between the Internal Thoracic Artery and Ascending Aorta in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Using Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

BackgroundThe left internal thoracic artery (LITA) has been used as the first conduit of choice in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) because of excellent long-term patency and outcomes. However, no studies have examined substances other than nitric oxide that could be beneficial for the bypass conduit, native coronary artery or ischemic myocardium. This study was conducted to evaluate differences in metabolic profiles between the LITA and ascending aorta using gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS).MethodsTwenty patients who underwent CABG using the LITA were prospectively enrolled. Plasma samples were collected simultaneously from the LITA and ascending aorta. GC-TOF-MS based untargeted metabolomic analyses were performed and a 2-step volcano plot analysis was used to identify distinguishable markers from two plasma metabolome profiles. Semi-quantitative and quantitative analyses were performed using GC-TOF-MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, after selecting target metabolites based on the metabolite set enrichment analysis.ResultsInitial volcano plot analysis demonstrated 5 possible markers among 851 peaks detected. The final analysis demonstrated that the L-cysteine peak was significantly higher in the LITA than in the ascending aorta (fold change = 1.86). The concentrations of intermediate metabolites such as L-cysteine, L-methionine and L-cystine in the 'cysteine and methionine metabolism pathway' were significantly higher in the LITA than in the ascending aorta (2.0-, 1.4- and 1.2-fold, respectively). Quantitative analysis showed that the concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was significantly higher in the LITA.ConclusionThe plasma metabolome profiles of the LITA and ascending aorta were different, particularly higher plasma concentrations of L-cysteine and H₂S in the LITA

CSGM Designer: a platform for designing cross-species intron-spanning genic markers linked with genome information of legumes.

BackgroundGenetic markers are tools that can facilitate molecular breeding, even in species lacking genomic resources. An important class of genetic markers is those based on orthologous genes, because they can guide hypotheses about conserved gene function, a situation that is well documented for a number of agronomic traits. For under-studied species a key bottleneck in gene-based marker development is the need to develop molecular tools (e.g., oligonucleotide primers) that reliably access genes with orthology to the genomes of well-characterized reference species.ResultsHere we report an efficient platform for the design of cross-species gene-derived markers in legumes. The automated platform, named CSGM Designer (URL: http://tgil.donga.ac.kr/CSGMdesigner), facilitates rapid and systematic design of cross-species genic markers. The underlying database is composed of genome data from five legume species whose genomes are substantially characterized. Use of CSGM is enhanced by graphical displays of query results, which we describe as "circular viewer" and "search-within-results" functions. CSGM provides a virtual PCR representation (eHT-PCR) that predicts the specificity of each primer pair simultaneously in multiple genomes. CSGM Designer output was experimentally validated for the amplification of orthologous genes using 16 genotypes representing 12 crop and model legume species, distributed among the galegoid and phaseoloid clades. Successful cross-species amplification was obtained for 85.3% of PCR primer combinations.ConclusionCSGM Designer spans the divide between well-characterized crop and model legume species and their less well-characterized relatives. The outcome is PCR primers that target highly conserved genes for polymorphism discovery, enabling functional inferences and ultimately facilitating trait-associated molecular breeding

In situ-generated metal oxide catalyst during CO oxidation reaction transformed from redox-active metal-organic framework-supported palladium nanoparticles

The preparation of redox-active metal-organic framework (ra-MOF)-supported Pd nanoparticles (NPs) via the redox couple-driven method is reported, which can yield unprotected metallic NPs at room temperature within 10 min without the use of reducing agents. The Pd@ra-MOF has been exploited as a precursor of an active catalyst for CO oxidation. Under the CO oxidation reaction condition, Pd@ra-MOF is transformed into a PdOx-NiOy/C nanocomposite to generate catalytically active species in situ, and the resultant nanocatalyst shows sustainable activity through synergistic stabilization.open4

Shepherding Slots to Objects: Towards Stable and Robust Object-Centric Learning

Object-centric learning (OCL) aspires general and compositional understanding of scenes by representing a scene as a collection of object-centric representations. OCL has also been extended to multi-view image and video datasets to apply various data-driven inductive biases by utilizing geometric or temporal information in the multi-image data. Single-view images carry less information about how to disentangle a given scene than videos or multi-view images do. Hence, owing to the difficulty of applying inductive biases, OCL for single-view images remains challenging, resulting in inconsistent learning of object-centric representation. To this end, we introduce a novel OCL framework for single-view images, SLot Attention via SHepherding (SLASH), which consists of two simple-yet-effective modules on top of Slot Attention. The new modules, Attention Refining Kernel (ARK) and Intermediate Point Predictor and Encoder (IPPE), respectively, prevent slots from being distracted by the background noise and indicate locations for slots to focus on to facilitate learning of object-centric representation. We also propose a weak semi-supervision approach for OCL, whilst our proposed framework can be used without any assistant annotation during the inference. Experiments show that our proposed method enables consistent learning of object-centric representation and achieves strong performance across four datasets. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/object-understanding/SLASH}