Strategy to Block Interference from the Source Language (cognate signifiants) in Korean-Chinese Interpretation

Although Korean and Chinese are not from the same family of languages, they have the common denominator of cognate signifiant that is, both languages can be written with the same methods of expression. In this case cognate signifiant means that both Korean and Chinese can be expressed in Chinese characters. There are many similarities in the visual and acoustic images of the two languages and for this reason cognate signifiant persistently intervenes in interpretation of one to the other.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to highlight through the analysis of case studies how cognate signifiant causes interference by hindering the extraction of meaning in Korean-Chinese interpretation, and to explore ways of increasing Korean-Chinese interpretation ability based on the results of such research.In order to approach this issue, recorded examples of incorrect interpretation resulting from interference caused by cognate signifiant will be analyzed from the perspective of interpretation studies, which places importance on the conveyance of meaning for the purpose of achieving communication. Based on the results of such research, strategies to effectively block interference resulting from cognate signifiant will be established.Bien que le coréen et le chinois ne fassent pas partie de la même famille linguistique, ils ont un dénominateur commun, qu’on peut appeler des « signifiants isotopiques ». Cela signifie que ces deux langues peuvent s’écrire et se prononcer de la même manière et que ces ressemblances visuelles et phonétiques peuvent exercer une grande influence sur le processus d’interprétation.L’objectif de notre travail est de montrer l’influence de ces « signifiants isotopiques », qui provoquent en général une interférence linguistique nuisible à l’extraction du sens, et de réfléchir sur les améliorations que l’on pourrait apporter à la méthodologie interprétative, et ceci à travers l’analyse des différents exemples d’interprétation du coréen vers le chinois.Nous avons pu analyser plusieurs exemples d’interprétation incorrecte due à une interférence de ces « signifiants isotopiques », ainsi que mettre en avant et étudier divers types d’interférence ; au vu du résultat de cette analyse, nous avons pu élaborer un mécanisme de blocage, qui serait susceptible de réduire efficacement l’influence des « signifiants isotopiques ».한국어와 중국어는 동족언어로 분류되지는 않지만 '동원기표소' 를 사용한다는 점에서 공통분모를 갖고 있다. 동원기표소는 동일 漢字로 표기가 가능하며 두 언어 사이에서 시각적, 청각적 이미지의 유사성을 띠고 있기 때문에 두 언어간 통역 과정에 적극적으로 개입하고 있다.따라서 본 연구는 한↔중 통역에 있어서 의미추출을 방해하여 언어간섭을 야기하는 同源記票素의 영향을 사례 분석을 통해 조명하고 이를 토대로 한 ↔ 중 통역능력 향상을 위한 방법 모색에 목적을 둔다.본 연구를 통해 동원기표소에 의한 간섭으로 잘못된 통역을 낳고 있는 예들을 대상으로 간섭유형에 대한 분석이 이루어지고, 분석 결과를 토대로 동원기표소에 의한 간섭을 효과적으로 차단하기 위한 간섭차단기제가 수립되었다

Linguistic Characteristics and Interpretation Strategy Based on EVS Analysis of Korean-Chinese, Korean-Japanese Interpretation

This study was stimulated by several questions: What time lag is contained in the synchronicity of simultaneous interpretation? How do the linguistic characteristics of the language to be interpreted influence synchronicity? And in what is the interpreter’s strategy for achieving synchronicity in interpretation from Korean to other languages? To answer these questions, EVS measurements of Korean-Japanese and Korean-Chinese interpretation materials were analyzed. The results showed that in Korean-Chinese interpretation the interpreter begins the interpretation before a whole sentence is finished, and that in Korean-Japanese interpretation, the interpreter leaves a time lag before beginning the interpreted utterance. This study indicated that the information processing in simultaneous interpretation is not carried out through the characteristics of the language itself but the interpreter’s guessing based on unit of meaning and strategies accumulated by the interpreter through long experience.Une analyse comparative des résultats de l’estimation EVS d’une interprétation simultanée coréen-japonais, deux langues similaires au niveau syntaxique et d’une seconde coréenchinois dont les syntaxes sont différentes a permis d’étudier la corrélation entre les caractéristiques linguistiques et les stratégies d’interprétation : l’interprète qui a travaillé en coréen et chinois a adopté comme stratégie de suivre de très près l’orateur tandis que celui qui a travaillé en coréen et japonais a pris du temps avant de commencer son interprétation ne recourant pas uniquement à des repères grammaticaux. Ainsi, le processus de traitement de l’information au cours de l’interprétation simultanée ne repose pas sur les caractéristiques syntaxiques inhérentes aux langues mais sur l’unité de sens et se réalise avec succès par l’anticipation et par l’expérience acquise par l’interprète

Propose with a Rose? Signaling in Internet Dating Markets

The large literature on costly signaling and the somewhat scant literature on preference signaling had varying success in showing the effectiveness of signals. We use a field experiment to show that even when everyone can send a signal, signals are free and the only costs are opportunity costs, sending a signal increases the chances of success. In an online dating experiment, participants can attach “virtual roses” to a proposal to signal special interest in another participant. We find that attaching a rose to an offer substantially increases the chance of acceptance. This effect is driven by an increase in the acceptance rate when the offer is made to a participant who is less desirable than the proposer. Furthermore, participants endowed with more roses have more of their offers accepted than their counterparts.

Functionalization of bacterial cellulose nonwoven by poly(fluorophenol) to improve its hydrophobicity and durability

The present study aims to improve the hydrophobicity and durability of bacterial cellulose (BC) nonwoven by functionalization with poly(fluorophenol). To this end, laccase was first entrapped onto BC and then used to polymerize the fluorophenol {4-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy] phenol} in-situ. The polymerization of fluorophenol by laccase was confirmed through 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF analyses. The effect of poly(fluorophenol) on BC nonwoven was determined by evaluation of the surface hydrophobicity and olephobicity properties such as water contact angle (WCA), oil contact angle (OCA), surface energy and water/oil absorption time. After BC functionalization with poly(fluorophenol) (20 mM), the WCA increased from 54.5 ± 1.2° to 120 ± 1.5° while the surface energy decreased (11.58 ± 1.4 mN/m). The OCA was also increased from 46.5 ± 2.5° to 87 ± 2° along to the decrease of surface energy (8.7 ± 1.5°). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed an increase in the fluorine content in BC from 5.27 to 17.57%. The findings confirmed the polymerization of fluorophenol by laccase and its entrapment onto a BC nanofiber structure. The durability of the functionalization with poly(fluorophenol) was confirmed by evaluating the washing fastness, tensile strength after washing and dimensional stability. The results indicate that the functionalized BC nonwoven had higher tensile strength (×10 times) and better dimensional stability (30%) than the non-functionalized BC nonwoven material.This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundationfor Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of thestrategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and Bio-TecNorteoperation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004). This work wasalso supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2019R1A2C1009217).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Thyroid dysfunction in preterm infants born before 32 gestational weeks

Background Thyroid hormones are critical for growth and brain development during the newborn period and infancy. Because of delayed maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in preterm infants, thyroid dysfunction is common, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) elevation is often delayed in preterm infants. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of thyroid dysfunction requiring levothyroxine treatment and to identify its risk factors in preterm infants. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on preterm infants who were born before 32 gestational weeks and admitted to a single tertiary academic center for more than 8 weeks between January 2008 and December 2014. In these infants, serial thyroid function tests (TFTs) measuring serum TSH and free thyroxine (fT4) were routinely performed at 1, 3, and 6 weeks of postnatal age. Results Of the 220 preterm infants enrolled, 180 infants underwent TFTs at 1, 3, and 6 weeks of postnatal age and were included in the study. Of the 180 infants, 35 infants (19.4%) were started on levothyroxine treatment based on the results of serial TFTs. Among the 35 infants who were treated with levothyroxine, 16 infants (45.7%) had normal results on the initial TFT. Three of these 16 infants continued to have normal results on the second TFT. Thyroid dysfunction requiring levothyroxine treatment was significantly associated with maternal pregnancy-induced hypertension (adjusted odds ratio 2.64, 95% confidence interval 1.02–6.81). Conclusions Thyroid dysfunction requiring levothyroxine treatment occurred in nearly one-fifth of preterm infants born before 32 gestational weeks. Nearly half of the preterm infants who were treated with levothyroxine had normal TSH and fT4 levels at 1 week of postnatal age. The findings of the present study suggest that serial TFTs is important to find preterm infants who require levothyroxine treatment

Measurement of beta-amyloid peptides in specific cells using a photo thin-film transistor

The existence of beta-amyloid [Aβ] peptides in the brain has been regarded as the most archetypal biomarker of Alzheimer's disease [AD]. Recently, an early clinical diagnosis has been considered a great importance in identifying people who are at high risk of AD. However, no microscale electronic sensing devices for the detection of Aβ peptides have been developed yet. In this study, we propose an effective method to evaluate a small quantity of Aβ peptides labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC] using a photosensitive field-effect transistor [p-FET] with an on-chip single-layer optical filter. To accurately evaluate the quantity of Aβ peptides within the cells cultured on the p-FET device, we measured the photocurrents which resulted from the FITC-conjugated Aβ peptides expressed from the cells and measured the number of photons of the fluorochrome in the cells using a photomultiplier tube. Thus, we evaluated the correlation between the generated photocurrents and the number of emitted photons. We also evaluated the correlation between the number of emitted photons and the amount of FITC by measuring the FITC volume using AFM. Finally, we estimated the quantity of Aβ peptides of the cells placed on the p-FET sensing area on the basis of the binding ratio between FITC molecules and Aβ peptides

Aerodynamic and aeroelastic effects of design-based geometry variations on a low-pressure compressor

In modern aircraft engines, the low-pressure compressor (LPC) is subjected to a flow characterized by strong wakes and secondary flows from the upstream fan. This concerns ultra-high bypass ratio (UHBR) turbofan engines, in particular. This paper presents the aerodynamic and aeroelastic sensitivities of parametric variations on the LPC, driven by the design considerations in the upstream fan. The goal of this investigation was to determine the influence of design-based geometry parameter variations on the LPC performance under realistic inlet flow distributions and the presence of an s-duct. Aerodynamic simulations are conducted at the design and off-design operating points with the fan outflow as the inlet boundary conditions. Based on the aerodynamic results, time-linearized unsteady simulations are conducted to evaluate the vibration amplitude at the resonance operating points. First, the bypass ratio is varied by reducing the channel height of the LPC. The LPC efficiency decreases by up to 1.7% due to the increase in blockage of the core flow. The forced response amplitude of the rotor decreases with increasing bypass ratio due to increased aerodynamic damping. Secondly, the fan cavity leakage flow is considered as it directly affects the near hub fan flow and thus the inflow of the LPC. This results in an increased total-pressure loss for the s-duct due to mixing losses. The additional mixing redistributes the flow at the s-duct exit leading to a total-pressure loss reduction of 4.3% in the first rotor at design point. This effect is altered at off-design conditions. The vibration amplitude at low speed resonance points is increased by 19% for the first torsion and 26% for second bending. Thirdly, sweep and lean are applied to the inlet guide vane (IGV) upstream of the LPC. Despite the s-duct and the variable inlet guide vane (VIGV) affecting the flow, the three-dimensional blade design achieves aerodynamic and aeroelastic improvements of rotor 1 at off-design. The total-pressure loss reduces by up to 18% and the resonance amplitude more than 10%. Only negligible improvements for rotor 1 are present at the design point. In a fourth step, the influence of axial gap size between the stator and the rotor rows in the LPC is examined in the range of small variations which shows no distinct aerodynamic and aeroelastic sensitivities. This finding not only supports previous studies, but it also suggests a correlation between mode shapes and locally increased excitaion with increasing axial gap size. As a result, potential design improvements in future fan-compressor design are suggested. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Electroconvulsive therapy and seizure: a double-edged sword?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used therapeutic option of drug-refractory psychiatric disorders. ECT treats psychiatric symptoms by inducing brief controlled seizures through electrical stimulation, but ECT does not generally cause prolonged seizures or epilepsy. However, several studies have reported cases of prolonged seizures after ECT. This review aimed to determine the mechanism of epileptogenesis with neurobiological changes after ECT. Contrary to epileptogenesis by ECT, several cases have reported that ECT was successfully applied for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. In addition, ECT might be applied to hyperkinetic movement and psychiatric symptoms of encephalitis. We also investigated the anticonvulsant mechanism of ECT and how it controls encephalitis symptoms

Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) as a template for laccase-assisted oxidation of aniline

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2020. 00438/full#supplementary-materialPolyaniline (PANi) is a conducting polymer which has been subject of intensive research on the exploitation of new products and applications. The main aim of the work is the development of a conductive bacterial cellulose (BC)-based material by enzymatic-assisted polymerization of aniline. For this, we study the role of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a template for the in situ polymerization of aniline. Bacterial cellulose was used as the supporting material for the entrapment of CMC and for the in situ oxidation reactions. The amount of CMC entrapped inside BC was optimized as well as the conditions for laccase-assisted oxidation of aniline. The new oligomers were evaluated by spectrometric techniques, namely 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF, and the functionalized BC surfaces were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and reflectance spectrophotometry. The conductivity of the developed materials was evaluated using the four-probe methodology. The oligomers obtained after reaction in the presence of CMC as template display a similar structure as when the reaction is conducted only in BC. Though, after oxidation in the presence of this template, the amount of oligomers entrapped inside BC/CMC is considerably higher conferring to the material greater electrical conductivity and coloration. The use of CMC as a template for aniline oxidation on BC seems to be a promising and cheap strategy to improve the yield of functionalization and increment the properties of the materials, namely electrical conductivity and coloration.This work has supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2019R1A2C1009217) and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. JN (SFRH/BD/121673/2016) and CS (SFRH/IF/00186/2015) acknowledged FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology for their funding.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio