Microbial Colonization in Human Periodontal Disease: An Illustrated Tutorial on Selected Ultrastructural and Ecologic Considerations

The oral cavity is populated by a prodigious microbial flora that exhibits a unique successional colonization of enamel and subgingival root surfaces. A wide range of oral sites provide different ecologic conditions and are, therefore, populated by different commensal microbial combinations. The sequence of microbial colonization, regardless of location within the oral cavity, commences with the acquisition of salivary and/or crevicular fluid-derived pellicle. As the process of successional colonization of the gingival crevice area proceeds uninterrupted, achieving critical mass between 10 and 21 days, gingivitis becomes evident at a clinical level. However, at a histologic level, gingivitis may be evident within 2-3 days of plaque accumulation. The inflammatory response sufficiently alters the ecological conditions so as to allow proliferation of supragingival plaque into subgingival areas. The subgingival plaque becomes progressively more Gram-negative and anaerobic in nature as the periodontal pocket deepens, leading ultimately to a chronic, progressive deterioration of the periodontium--adult periodontitis. Both gingivitis and adult periodontitis are characterized by the successive colonization of cocci, short and long rods, filamentous microbes with corn cob and bristle brush formations, flagellated microbes, and spirochetes. Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), in contrast to the adult form of periodontitis, features a comparatively sparse microbial flora. The subgingival microbial colonization characteristically features cocci, short rods, coccobacilli, and spirochetes

The Effect of Locally Delivered Controlledâ Release Doxycycline or Scaling and Root Planing on Periodontal Maintenance Patients Over 9 Months

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142157/1/jper0022.pd

Two Multiâ Center Studies Evaluating Locally Delivered Doxycycline Hyclate, Placebo Control, Oral Hygiene, and Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Periodontitis

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142011/1/jper0490.pd

Baseline data for assessing beaver dam analogs as a restoration tool in fire-affected tributaries of the Methow and Okanogan watersheds

Incised streams are disconnected from their floodplains and no longer store water effectively. This leads to diminished ecosystem function, loss of critical riparian and aquatic habitats, and reduced biodiversity. Beaver dams improve incised streams by raising surface and groundwater levels, leading to reconnected floodplains. When beaver establishment is not feasible, Beaver Dam Analogs (BDAs) may be used to mitigate damage from stream incision and facilitate beaver establishment. However, it is unclear how effective BDAs are at mimicking natural beaver dams, especially on streams affected by high-intensity wildfires. The objective of my research is to collect baseline data needed to assess BDA effectiveness in comparison to natural beaver dam complexes. I hypothesized that beaver dam sites would have lower channel incision, higher accumulation of fine sediment, higher abundance of wetland species, greater water storage, and higher soil moisture compared to non-beaver sites, and that BDA installation would make the BDA sites more similar to beaver sites. I used a Before-After-Control-Reference-Impact study design to compare five BDA restoration sites with paired control sites and three natural beaver dam complexes. In the summer of 2021, pre-restoration data was collected on 1) channel morphology using a laser level and stadia rod, 2) riparian vegetation accounting for riparian landform using the line-intercept method, 3) sediment composition using a Wolman pebble count, and 4) water storage using a salt drip to measure water travel time. In the summer of 2022, I assessed soil moisture above the stream channel (floodplain for beaver sites and terrace for non-dammed sites) one month after BDAs were installed on one restoration site. Overall, I found that beaver sites had width-to-depth ratios and floodplain widths over twice as large as non-beaver sites indicating they were less incised. They also had finer sediment, greater water travel times indicating greater water storage, and higher soil moisture that lasted through the summer months. Compared to beaver and control sites, pre-BDA sites had the lowest cover of wetland species. My study has shown that beaver dams effectively trap fine sediment, recharge soil moisture in floodplains, and increase the cover of wetland species. I have also provided critical baseline data needed to assess the impacts of BDAs over time after installation is complete to determine whether they effectively mimic beaver dams

James Killoy Interview, May 4, 2011

James Killoy, of Anaconda, Montana, remembers his growing up in Butte, Montana, and his time spent in the U.S. Navy, deployed to a nuclear submarine. He discusses his involvement with the Acienct Order of Hibernians [AOH], and the family\u27s involvement with other community organizationshttps://scholarworks.umt.edu/gathering/1036/thumbnail.jp

Altered Circadian Rhythm and Neuroinflammation in Models of ALS: A Role for NR1D1 and FABP7

Most physiological processes in mammals are subjected to daily oscillations governed by a circadian system. Circadian rhythm orchestrates metabolic pathways in a time-dependent manner and loss of circadian timekeeping has been associated with cellular and system-wide alterations in metabolism, redox homeostasis, and inflammation. Nuclear Receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1) is a transcription factor that participates in the molecular clock that encodes circadian rhythms and links metabolism and inflammation to circadian cycles. Fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), an NR1D1 target, is a regulator of lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and inflammation. FABP7 can regulate fatty acid uptake, transport, and availability to nuclear receptors. In the adult brain, FABP7 is especially abundant in astrocytes that haven cytoplasmic granules originated from damaged mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered metabolism have been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), either as a primary cause or as a secondary component of the pathogenic process. We investigated clock and clock-controlled genes in multiple tissues from transgenic mice expressing a mutant superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)-linked to ALS. We identified tissue-specific changes in the relative expression as well as altered daily expression patterns of clock genes, sirtuins, metabolic enzymes, and redox regulators. We discovered NR1D1 is downregulated and FABP7 is upregulated in the spinal cord of symptomatic mutant hSOD1-expressing mice. Decreasing NR1D1 or increasing FABP7expression in primary non-transgenic astrocytes resulted in a pro-inflammatory profile and decreased neuronal survival when co-cultured with motor neurons. Moreover, astrocytes isolated from symptomatic hSOD1-expressing mice displayed endogenous up-regulation of FABP7 and silencing of FABP7 in these cultures decreased inflammatory markers and toxicity towards co-cultured motor neurons. At an organism level, our results suggest the possibility of disrupted peripheral clock synchronization in hSOD1G93A mice, while at a cellular level we demonstrate that NR1D1 and FABP7 markedly alter the biology of astrocytes and the way these cells interact with neurons. Since metabolism and redox homeostasis are intimately entangled with circadian rhythms, our data suggest that altered expression of clock genes may contribute to metabolic and redox impairment in ALS and we identify NR1D1 and FABP7 as potential therapeutic targets to prevent astrocyte-mediated motor neuron toxicity in ALS