Prediction of drug clearance by glucuronidation from in vitro data: Use of combined cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cofactors in alamethicin-activated human liver microsomes

Glucuronidation via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is an increasingly important clearance pathway. In this study intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) values for buprenorphine, carvedilol, codeine, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ketoprofen, midazolam, naloxone, raloxifene, and zidovudine were determined in pooled human liver microsomes using the substrate depletion approach. The in vitro clearance data indicated a varying contribution of glucuronidation to the clearance of the compounds studied, ranging from 6 to 79% for midazolam and gemfibrozil, respectively. The CL(int) was obtained using either individual or combined cofactors for cytochrome P450 (P450) and UGT enzymes with alamethicin activation and in the presence and absence of 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA). In the presence of combined P450 and UGT cofactors, CL(int) ranged from 2.8 to 688 microl/min/mg for zidovudine and buprenorphine, respectively; the clearance was approximately equal to the sum of the CL(int) values obtained in the presence of individual cofactors. The unbound intrinsic clearance (CL(int, u)) was scaled to provide an in vivo predicted CL(int); the data obtained in the presence of combined cofactors resulted in 5-fold underprediction on average. Addition of 2% BSA to the incubation with both P450 and UGT cofactors reduced the bias in the clearance prediction, with 8 of 10 compounds predicted within 2-fold of in vivo values with the exception of raloxifene and gemfibrozil. The current study indicates the applicability of combined cofactor conditions in the assessment of clearance for compounds with a differential contribution of P450 and UGT enzymes to their elimination. In addition, improved predictability of microsomal data is observed in the presence of BSA, in particular for UGT2B7 substrates

Hepatocellular binding of drugs: correction for unbound fraction in hepatocyte incubations using microsomal binding or drug lipophilicity data. Drug Metab Dispos 36:1194–1197.

Abstract: 225 Abbreviations used: fu mic, fraction unbound in microsomes; fu hep , fraction unbound in hepatocyte incubations; K a , microsomal protein binding affinity; K p , hepatocyte/medium concentration ratio; V R , ratio of the cell and incubation volume; logP/D, descriptor for lipophilicity (logP for drugs where pKa > 7.4; logD for drugs where pKa < 7.4); P, microsomal protein concentration DMD #20834 3 Abstract Analogous to the fraction unbound in microsomes (fu mic ), fraction unbound i