Computing linkage disequilibrium aware genome embeddings using autoencoders

Motivation The completion of the genome has paved the way for genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which explained certain proportions of heritability. GWAS are not optimally suited to detect non-linear effects in disease risk, possibly hidden in non-additive interactions (epistasis). Alternative methods for epistasis detection using, e.g. deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently under active development. However, DNNs are constrained by finite computational resources, which can be rapidly depleted due to increasing complexity with the sheer size of the genome. Besides, the curse of dimensionality complicates the task of capturing meaningful genetic patterns for DNNs; therefore necessitates dimensionality reduction. Results We propose a method to compress single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, while leveraging the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure and preserving potential epistasis. This method involves clustering correlated SNPs into haplotype blocks and training per-block autoencoders to learn a compressed representation of the block’s genetic content. We provide an adjustable autoencoder design to accommodate diverse blocks and bypass extensive hyperparameter tuning. We applied this method to genotyping data from Project MinE, and achieved 99% average test reconstruction accuracy—i.e. minimal information loss—while compressing the input to nearly 10% of the original size. We demonstrate that haplotype-block based autoencoders outperform linear Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by approximately 3% chromosome-wide accuracy of reconstructed variants. To the extent of our knowledge, our approach is the first to simultaneously leverage haplotype structure and DNNs for dimensionality reduction of genetic data

Cohabitation Extra-marital childbearing and social policy

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:6217.259(FPSC-OP--17) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Family-of-origin and educational influences on age at first birth The experiences of a British birth cohort

SIGLELD:3486.2786(CPS-RP--82-1) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

The departure of children The timing of leaving home over the life-cycles of parents and children

2.00; Paper presented at seminar on later phases of family life cycle, West Berlin (DE), Sep 1984Available from British Library Lending Division - LD:3486.2787(CPS-RP--85-3) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

A demographic analysis of first marriages in England and Wales 1950-1980

2.00SIGLEAvailable from British Library Lending Division - LD:3486.2787(CPS-RP--85-1) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Intimate relationships and changing patterns of money management at the beginning of the 21st Century

Drawing on British data from two annual sweeps of the ISSP eight years apart in 1994 and 2002, for modules focusing on 'Family and Changing Gender Roles', this paper examines the extent to which changes in women's labour market participation, changing ideologies/discourses of gender and changing forms of intimate relationships are affecting the ways in which couples organize household money, and the implications of such changes for recent theories of intimate relationships. The analysis indicates that by 2002, the type of relationship respondents had established, together with their social class position, were both independently related to the ways in which they managed money, after controlling for socio-economic and cultural or discursive factors. Our findings also provide a degree of support for the thesis of a partial decline in the male breadwinner model of gender, as indicated by small declines in the use of the relatively inegalitarian female whole wage and housekeeping allowance systems which were most likely to be used by married couples and cohabiting fathers, expressing relatively traditional ideologies/discourses of breadwinning - and a slight increase in the use of the partial pool, which was most likely to be used by childless cohabiting couples in which male partners expressed less traditional ideologies of breadwinning and women were in middle-class jobs with incomes high enough to facilitate partially separate finances. We also suggest, however, that in so far as cohabiting couples earning different amounts define equality as contributing equally to household expenditure, it is possible that rather than being associated with shifts to greater equality in access to money for personal spending and saving, the partial pool may be associated with marked inequalities, because it may enable gender inequalities generated in the labour market to be more directly transposed into inequalities within households, despite the decline of traditional discourses of male breadwinning and the increasing importance of egalitarian ideologies of co-provisioning