The spread of Conservation Agriculture: policy and institutional support for adoption and uptake

Conservation Agriculture (CA) in its many local adaptations has been practiced for more than three decades. In year 2013 it was deployed on some 155 million hectares worldwide on both large and small farms. In most cases, it has led to yield, economic and environmental benefits, and thus would appear to deserve greater policy and institutional support to accelerate opportunities for adoption and uptake. CA represents an alternate approach to the sustainable intensification of agriculture and differs fundamentally from modern approaches based largely on intensive tillage and purchased inputs that often disrupt ecosystem functions. CA incorporates a number of apparently counterintuitive and often unrecognised elements that simultaneously promote soil health, productive capacity and ecosystem services. Important constraints appear to be preventing wider-scale adoption of CA. Experience across many countries has shown that the adoption and spread of CA requires a change in commitment and behaviour of all stakeholders. For farmers, social mechanisms that encourage experimentation, learning and adaptation to local conditions are a prerequisite. For policy-makers and institutional leaders, transformation of tillage to CA systems requires that they fully understand the large economic, social and environmental benefits that these systems offer. Such transformations call for sustained policy and institutional support that provides both incentives and ‘motivations’ to encourage farmers to adopt components of CA practices and improve them over time. Here, we summarise the key institutional and policy requirements. Many of these apply widely to other forms of more sustainable agriculture.Dans ses nombreuses adaptations locales, l’Agriculture de Conservation (AC) est pratiquée depuis plus de trois décennies. En 2011, elle était déployée dans des fermes de toutes tailles et de tous horizons couvrant une surface totale de quelque 125 millions d’hectares. Dans la plupart des cas, elle s’est traduite par des avantages économiques et environnementaux, et il apparaît donc qu’un soutien politique et institutionnel de plus grande ampleur se justifierait pour accélérer son adoption et son implémentation. L’AC constitue une approche vers l’intensification durable de l’agriculture qui se démarque radicalement des approches modernes basées en grande part sur un travail intensif des sols et sur l’achat d’intrants qui perturbent souvent les fonctions de l’écosystème. L’AC intègre un certain nombre de composantes apparemment contre-intuitives – et souvent non reconnues – qui  ont un effet favorable à la fois sur la santé des sols, la capacité de production et les écoservices. De sérieux obstacles semblent venir entraver une adoption à plus grande échelle de l’AC. L’expérience acquise dans bon nombre de pays a fait ressortir que l’adoption et l’extension de l’AC nécessitaient une remise en question quant à l’engagement et au comportement de toutes les parties prenantes. Pour les fermiers, des mécanismes sociaux propres à encourager l’expérimentation, l’apprentissage et l’adaptation aux conditions locales s’imposent en tant que préalables. Pour les décideurs et les leaders institutionnels, le passage du travail des sols classique aux systèmes AC exige qu’ils comprennent pleinement les grands avantages économiques, sociaux et environnementaux qu’offrent ces systèmes. De telles évolutions ne passeront que par un soutien politique et institutionnel porteur à la fois de motivations et d’ « incitations » encourageant les fermiers à adopter les divers aspects des pratiques AC et à les améliorer au fil du temps. Nous proposons ici une synthèse des impératifs majeurs sur les plans politique et institutionnel – sachant qu’un grand nombre de ces impératifs sont largement applicables à d’autres formes d’agriculture plus durable.La Agricultura de conservación (AC), en sus distintas versiones locales, lleva practicándose desde hace más de 3 décadas. En el año 2011, se practicó en más de 125 millones de hectáreas en todo el mundo, en explotaciones tanto grandes como pequeñas. En muchos casos, ha producido beneficios económicos y medioambientales y, por tanto, merece un mayor apoyo político e institucional a fin de acelerar las oportunidades para su adopción y práctica. La AC representa un enfoque alternativo a una intensificación sostenible de la agricultura y difiere, en sus fundamentos, de los enfoques modernos, basados principalmente en unos cultivos intensivos y en la compra de insumos que suelen alterar el ecosistema. La AC incorpora una serie de elementos, en apariencia contrarios a la intuición y que no gozan de reconocimiento, pero que favorecen tanto la salud de los suelos, como la capacidad productiva y los servicios ecosistémicos. Parece ser que existen limitaciones importantes que están evitando la adopción a una mayor escala de la AC. La experiencia en muchos países ha demostrado que la adopción y la expansión de la AC requiere un cambio en el compromiso y el comportamiento de todas las partes interesadas. Para los agricultores, los mecanismos sociales que favorecen la experimentación, el aprendizaje y la adaptación a condiciones locales son un requisito previo. Para líderes institucionales y legisladores, la transformación del cultivo intensivo en sistemas de AC requiere que comprendan las grandes ventajas económicas, sociales y medioambientales que estos sistemas ofrecen. Dichas transformaciones requieren un apoyo institucional y político constante que ofrezca tanto incentivos como «motivaciones» para animar a los agricultores a adoptar prácticas de la AC y a perfeccionarlas con el tiempo. Aquí, resumimos los requisitos políticos e institucionales clave. Muchos de ellos se aplican de manera generalizada a otras formas de agricultura sostenible

The spread of Conservation Agriculture: policy and institutional support for adoption and uptake

Conservation Agriculture (CA) in its many local adaptations has been practiced for more than three decades. In year 2013 it was deployed on some 155 million hectares worldwide on both large and small farms. In most cases, it has led to yield, economic and environmental benefits, and thus would appear to deserve greater policy and institutional support to accelerate opportunities for adoption and uptake. CA represents an alternate approach to the sustainable intensification of agriculture and differs fundamentally from modern approaches based largely on intensive tillage and purchased inputs that often disrupt ecosystem functions. CA incorporates a number of apparently counterintuitive and often unrecognised elements that simultaneously promote soil health, productive capacity and ecosystem services. Important constraints appear to be preventing wider-scale adoption of CA. Experience across many countries has shown that the adoption and spread of CA requires a change in commitment and behaviour of all stakeholders. For farmers, social mechanisms that encourage experimentation, learning and adaptation to local conditions are a prerequisite. For policy-makers and institutional leaders, transformation of tillage to CA systems requires that they fully understand the large economic, social and environmental benefits that these systems offer. Such transformations call for sustained policy and institutional support that provides both incentives and ‘motivations’ to encourage farmers to adopt components of CA practices and improve them over time. Here, we summarise the key institutional and policy requirements. Many of these apply widely to other forms of more sustainable agriculture.Dans ses nombreuses adaptations locales, l’Agriculture de Conservation (AC) est pratiquée depuis plus de trois décennies. En 2011, elle était déployée dans des fermes de toutes tailles et de tous horizons couvrant une surface totale de quelque 125 millions d’hectares. Dans la plupart des cas, elle s’est traduite par des avantages économiques et environnementaux, et il apparaît donc qu’un soutien politique et institutionnel de plus grande ampleur se justifierait pour accélérer son adoption et son implémentation. L’AC constitue une approche vers l’intensification durable de l’agriculture qui se démarque radicalement des approches modernes basées en grande part sur un travail intensif des sols et sur l’achat d’intrants qui perturbent souvent les fonctions de l’écosystème. L’AC intègre un certain nombre de composantes apparemment contre-intuitives – et souvent non reconnues – qui  ont un effet favorable à la fois sur la santé des sols, la capacité de production et les écoservices. De sérieux obstacles semblent venir entraver une adoption à plus grande échelle de l’AC. L’expérience acquise dans bon nombre de pays a fait ressortir que l’adoption et l’extension de l’AC nécessitaient une remise en question quant à l’engagement et au comportement de toutes les parties prenantes. Pour les fermiers, des mécanismes sociaux propres à encourager l’expérimentation, l’apprentissage et l’adaptation aux conditions locales s’imposent en tant que préalables. Pour les décideurs et les leaders institutionnels, le passage du travail des sols classique aux systèmes AC exige qu’ils comprennent pleinement les grands avantages économiques, sociaux et environnementaux qu’offrent ces systèmes. De telles évolutions ne passeront que par un soutien politique et institutionnel porteur à la fois de motivations et d’ « incitations » encourageant les fermiers à adopter les divers aspects des pratiques AC et à les améliorer au fil du temps. Nous proposons ici une synthèse des impératifs majeurs sur les plans politique et institutionnel – sachant qu’un grand nombre de ces impératifs sont largement applicables à d’autres formes d’agriculture plus durable.La Agricultura de conservación (AC), en sus distintas versiones locales, lleva practicándose desde hace más de 3 décadas. En el año 2011, se practicó en más de 125 millones de hectáreas en todo el mundo, en explotaciones tanto grandes como pequeñas. En muchos casos, ha producido beneficios económicos y medioambientales y, por tanto, merece un mayor apoyo político e institucional a fin de acelerar las oportunidades para su adopción y práctica. La AC representa un enfoque alternativo a una intensificación sostenible de la agricultura y difiere, en sus fundamentos, de los enfoques modernos, basados principalmente en unos cultivos intensivos y en la compra de insumos que suelen alterar el ecosistema. La AC incorpora una serie de elementos, en apariencia contrarios a la intuición y que no gozan de reconocimiento, pero que favorecen tanto la salud de los suelos, como la capacidad productiva y los servicios ecosistémicos. Parece ser que existen limitaciones importantes que están evitando la adopción a una mayor escala de la AC. La experiencia en muchos países ha demostrado que la adopción y la expansión de la AC requiere un cambio en el compromiso y el comportamiento de todas las partes interesadas. Para los agricultores, los mecanismos sociales que favorecen la experimentación, el aprendizaje y la adaptación a condiciones locales son un requisito previo. Para líderes institucionales y legisladores, la transformación del cultivo intensivo en sistemas de AC requiere que comprendan las grandes ventajas económicas, sociales y medioambientales que estos sistemas ofrecen. Dichas transformaciones requieren un apoyo institucional y político constante que ofrezca tanto incentivos como «motivaciones» para animar a los agricultores a adoptar prácticas de la AC y a perfeccionarlas con el tiempo. Aquí, resumimos los requisitos políticos e institucionales clave. Muchos de ellos se aplican de manera generalizada a otras formas de agricultura sostenible

Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization for Smallholders: What Is It and How Can We Implement It?

Smallholder farmers are the main producers of the world’s food and they will have to increase production by up to 100 percent by 2050 to feed the growing population. This must be achieved while preserving natural resources and that is why sustainable agricultural mechanization (SAM) will be fundamental to the process. SAM is climate-smart and environmentally benign and essentially means no-till conservation agriculture, which requires specific mechanization inputs. Principally, these are seeders and planters capable of penetrating soil surface vegetative cover to deposit seed and fertilizer at the required depth and spacing; and equipment for management of cover crops and weeds. Mechanization is required not only for crop production, but also for processing and along the entire value chain. Mechanization inputs are usually expensive and so specialist service provision will be the indicated way forward. This will need collaboration from both the private and public sectors and will involve public-private partnerships to be developed in one form or another. Given the poor track record of public sector mechanization provision, the delivery of SAM should be firmly in the hands of the private sector that should be committed to SAM principles or otherwise be incentivized to the concept through smart subsidies. Improved information flows via smallholder farmer-friendly innovation platforms; and continuing development and testing of SAM technologies via regional centres of excellence will both be required—especially for sub-Saharan Africa

Making Mechanization Accessible to Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper summarizes the deliberations at a meeting convened by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation held in Beijing in October 2015. Farm power and mechanization are agricultural production inputs that will be essential to raise the labor and land productivity required if Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2 (ending poverty and hunger) are to be achieved. The smallholder farm sector demand for mechanization needs to be raised to stimulate the product value chain and activate input supply (that is to raise farm productivity, stimulate value addition, and encourage private sector custom hire service provision). The sustainability of mechanization from a natural resource conservation point of view is discussed with reference to conservation agriculture principles. Mechanization appropriate for the smallholder sector covers the range of possible power sources human, draft animal and motorized. The key is to engage all the stakeholders in the supply chain and offer a range of suitable options from which the user can select. Sustainability of mechanization includes financial and social, as well as environmental factors. Local manufacturers should be supported where feasible as they can provide implements and machines adapted to local conditions—and better technical service and replacement part supply. The public sector role in providing access to mechanization should be restricted to promulgating enabling policies, building technical and business management skills and stimulating demand. The lessons to be learnt from Chinese experience in making mechanization available to smallholder farmers include subsidies, strong extension services, infrastructure development and a solid manufacturing sector that prioritizes the smallholder sector. The implications for sub-Saharan Africa appear to be that group ownership and custom hire service provision are the models to follow. Finally, the relevance of an African Center for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization, on the model of CSAM in Beijing, is considered and recommended

Mechanization of Conservation Agriculture for Smallholders: Issues and Options for Sustainable Intensification

Conservation agriculture (CA) is an increasingly adopted production system to meet the goals of sustainable crop production intensification in feeding a growing world population whilst conserving natural resources. Mechanization (especially power units, seeders, rippers and sprayers) is a key input for CA and smallholder farmers often have difficulties in making the necessary investments. Donors may be able to provide mechanization inputs in the short term, but this is not a sustainable solution as a machinery input supply chain needs to be built up to continue availability after external interventions cease. Local manufacture should be supported, as was the case in Brazil, but this is a slow development process, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. A more immediate solution is to equip and train CA service provision entrepreneurs. With the right equipment, selected for the needs of their local clientele, and the right technical and business management training, such entrepreneurs can make a livelihood by supplying high quality CA and other mechanization services on a fully costed basis. Elements of the required training, based on extensive field experience, are provided. To catalyse the growth of CA providers’ business, the market can be stimulated for an initial period by issuing e-vouchers for services and inputs

Rural transport and traction enterprises for improved livelihoods

This booklet focuses on promoting transport and traction services as viable diversification enterprises for smallholder farmers and other in rural areas. It considers the benefits that can arise from such enterprises, not only for smallholders themselves, but also to local communities in overall terms through increased productivity, improved and faster marketing, better mobility and reduced drudgery.--Publisher\u27s description