Establishment of a Wolbachia Superinfection in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes as a Potential Approach for Future Resistance Management.

Wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiotic bacterium estimated to chronically infect between 40-75% of all arthropod species. Aedes aegypti, the principle mosquito vector of dengue virus (DENV), is not a natural host of Wolbachia. The transinfection of Wolbachia strains such as wAlbB, wMel and wMelPop-CLA into Ae. aegypti has been shown to significantly reduce the vector competence of this mosquito for a range of human pathogens in the laboratory. This has led to wMel-transinfected Ae. aegypti currently being released in five countries to evaluate its effectiveness to control dengue disease in human populations. Here we describe the generation of a superinfected Ae. aegypti mosquito line simultaneously infected with two avirulent Wolbachia strains, wMel and wAlbB. The line carries a high overall Wolbachia density and tissue localisation of the individual strains is very similar to each respective single infected parental line. The superinfected line induces unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) when crossed to each single infected parental line, suggesting that the superinfection would have the capacity to replace either of the single constituent infections already present in a mosquito population. No significant differences in fitness parameters were observed between the superinfected line and the parental lines under the experimental conditions tested. Finally, the superinfected line blocks DENV replication more efficiently than the single wMel strain when challenged with blood meals from viremic dengue patients. These results suggest that the deployment of superinfections could be used to replace single infections and may represent an effective strategy to help manage potential resistance by DENV to field deployments of single infected strains

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Duration and Obesity alter the Efficacy of Autologously Transplanted Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) represent promising stem cell therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the results of autologous BM-MSC administration in T2DM patients are contradictory. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that autologous BM-MSC administration in T2DM patient is safe and that the efficacy of the treatment is dependant on the quality of the autologous BM-MSC population and administration routes. T2DM patients were enrolled, randomly assigned (1:1) by a computer-based system into the intravenous and dorsal pancreatic arterial groups. The safety was assessed in all the treated patients, and the efficacy was evaluated based on the absolute changes in the hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, and C-peptide levels throughout the 12-month follow-up. Our data indicated that autologous BM-MSC administration was well tolerated in 30 T2DM patients. Short-term therapeutic effects were observed in patients with T2DM duration of <10 years and a body mass index <23, which is in line with the phenotypic analysis of the autologous BM-MSC population. T2DM duration directly altered the proliferation rate of BM-MSCs, abrogated the glycolysis and mitochondria respiration of BM-MSCs, and induced the accumulation of mitochondria DNA mutation. Our data suggest that autologous administration of BM-MSCs in the treatment of T2DM should be performed in patients with T2DM duration <10 years and no obesity. Prior to further confirming the effects of T2DM on BM-MSC biology, future work with a larger cohort focusing on patients with different T2DM history is needed to understand the mechanism underlying our observation

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) between <i>Wolbachia</i> infected and wild type mosquitoes.

<p>Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) between <i>Wolbachia</i> infected and wild type mosquitoes.</p

Box plots representing the viral load of DENV in tissues of DENV-infected mosquitoes.

<p>Virus was detected at days 10, 14 and 18 post exposure to 41 patient-derived infectious blood meals. (A) Abdomen tissue. (B) Salivary gland tissue. As detailed in <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005434#ppat.1005434.s004" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>, <i>w</i>Mel and <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB are associated with significantly lower viral loads in abdomen tissue and salivary glands compared to wild type, and <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB is associated with significantly lower viral loads in salivary glands compared to <i>w</i>Mel.</p

Marginal logistic regression models for the risk of viral infection in the abdomen tissue, and for infectious saliva.

<p>Marginal logistic regression models for the risk of viral infection in the abdomen tissue, and for infectious saliva.</p

Proportion of mosquitoes infected with DENV after blood-feeding on 36 dengue patient blood samples, as a function of plasma viremia, and stratified by serotype.

<p>Lines represent fits from logistic regression to the data. All three strains were assessed for every feed; for DENV-1 there were 23 blood feeds, and 13 for DENV-4. DENV-2 and DENV-3 are not represented due to small sample sizes (n = 3 and n = 2 respectively). (A) Each point represents the proportion of mosquitoes with a DENV-infected abdomen, stratified by strain, and pooled across all time points. (B) The proportion of mosquitoes, pooled across all time points, that expectorated infectious DENV in their saliva.</p

Survival plots comparing the adult lifespan of wild type <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti w</i>Mel, <i>w</i>AlbB and <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB females (A) and males (B).

<p>Wild type mosquitoes are indicated in black, <i>w</i>Mel in blue, <i>w</i>AlbB in green and <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB in red. All experiments were conducted using mosquitoes from G8 of the superinfected line.</p

DENV serotype 2 (ET300) genome copies in <i>Wolbachia</i>-infected and wild type mosquitoes.

<p>(A) DENV-2 was injected at 10⁴ genome copies per ml into the thorax of 3–5 day old female mosquitoes. Virus replication was quantified 7 days post injection in whole mosquito bodies using qPCR. For each mosquito line the mean number of genome copies is plotted and standard error of the mean is indicated. Infection rates are indicated as percentages. (B) DENV-2 was administered in a blood meal at 10⁷ copies per ml. Virus replication was quantified in whole mosquito bodies 14 days post feeding. For each mosquito line the mean number of genome copies is plotted and standard error of the mean is indicated. For both A and B significant differences between wild type and <i>Wolbachia</i> infected mosquitoes are indicated by *** (p < 0.0001 and infection rates are indicated as percentages). Zero values were not plotted or included in determining the mean or standard error of the mean.</p

Maternal transmission rates of <i>w</i>Mel and <i>w</i>AlbB in the superinfected <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> line.

<p>Maternal transmission rates of <i>w</i>Mel and <i>w</i>AlbB in the superinfected <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> line.</p

<i>Wolbachia</i> density and distribution in the <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> superinfected line.

<p>(A) Comparison of total <i>Wolbachia</i> density between <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB (G18), <i>w</i>Mel, <i>w</i>AlbB and <i>w</i>MelPop-CLA infected mosquitoes. Density is expressed as the mean ratio between the <i>w</i>Mel or <i>w</i>AlbB <i>wsp</i> gene and the <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> host <i>rps17</i> gene. Standard error of the mean is indicated (n = 10). (B) <i>Wolbachia</i> distribution in the ovaries of <i>w</i>Mel, <i>w</i>AlbB and <i>w</i>Mel<i>w</i>AlbB infected adult female mosquitoes. <i>Wolbachia</i> was visualised using FISH with probes specific to <i>w</i>Mel (red) and <i>w</i>AlbB (green). DNA is stained in blue using DAPI.</p