児童生徒の「手」作文に於ける経年変化の計量的分析 : 1992年と2016年の作文を比較して

会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2016, 開催地: 国立国語研究所, 会期: 2017年3月7日-8日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター本発表は児童生徒らの文章作成能力の経年変化を計量的分析によって明らかにすることを目的とする。その基礎資料として作文を電子化した「「手」作文コーパス」を構築した。本コーパスの資料は1992年及び2016面に児童生徒らが書いた「手」を題とする作文である（両資料は，同一の国公立大附属小中学校で同条件で作成されたものである）。両資料の調査時期にはおよそ四半世紀（24年）の隔たりがあり，本発表の目的はその間の児童生徒らの文章作成能力の変化の有無を明らかにすることにある。予備調査を行った結果，1サンプル当たりの文章量（総字数），語数，文節数等で両資料間で明確な差異を見出すことはできず，文章の量的観点からは大きな経年変化は見られないことが分かった。一方で，現場の教師らから「以前に比べて子ども達が作文が書けなくなった」という指摘を聞くこともあり，使用語彙の種類や品詞の偏り，文末形式等の文体的特徴の違いを数量的差異として抽出し，2つの資料の異動を観察する。その結果に基づき先の教師らの指摘の妥当性を検討する

A case of mid‐ureteral stricture with ipsilateral atrophic kidney in a young adult

Introduction Most congenital ureteral strictures occur at the ureteropelvic or ureterovesical junction in children. Mid‐ureteral stricture is very rare and can cause congenital hydronephrosis. Only a few studies have reported on coexisting mid‐ureteral stricture with ipsilateral atrophic kidney in young adults. Case presentation A 16‐year‐old girl presented with repeated urinary tract infection. Computed tomography revealed a right atrophic kidney and hydroureter. Retrograde pyelography showed a mid‐ureteral stricture. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed, and histological examination revealed mid‐ureteral stricture with hyperplasia of the fibrous connective tissue and an atrophic kidney. Conclusion Mid‐ureteral stricture in a young adult is extremely rare. Appropriate imaging studies including retrograde pyelography are necessary for accurate diagnosis of mid‐ureteral stricture

High titers of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in corpses of patients with COVID-19

Objectives: The prolonged presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in deceased patients with COVID-19 has been reported. However, infectious virus titers have not been determined. Such information is important for public health, death investigation, and handling corpses. The aim of this study was to assess the level of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in the corpses of patients with COVID-19. Methods: We collected 11 nasopharyngeal swabs and 19 lung tissue specimens from 11 autopsy cases with COVID-19 in 2021. We then investigated the viral genomic copy number by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and infectious titers by cell culture and virus isolation. Results: Infectious virus was present in six of 11 (55%) cases, four of 11 (36%) nasopharyngeal swabs, and nine of 19 (47%) lung specimens. The virus titers ranged from 6.00E + 01 plaque-forming units/ml to 2.09E + 06 plaque-forming units/g. In all cases in which an infectious virus was found, the time from death to discovery was within 1 day and the longest postmortem interval was 13 days. Conclusion: The corpses of patients with COVID-19 may have high titers of infectious virus after a long postmortem interval (up to 13 days). Therefore, appropriate infection control measures must be taken when handling corpses

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis: Multiple Sources and Global Applications

International audienceApplying probabilistic methods to infrequent but devastating natural events is intrinsicallychallenging. For tsunami analyses, a suite of geophysical assessments should be in principle evaluatedbecause of the different causes generating tsunamis (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity,meteorological events, and asteroid impacts) with varying mean recurrence rates. Probabilistic TsunamiHazard Analyses (PTHAs) are conducted in different areas of the world at global, regional, and local scaleswith the aim of understanding tsunami hazard to inform tsunami risk reduction activities. PTHAs enhanceknowledge of the potential tsunamigenic threat by estimating the probability of exceeding specificlevels of tsunami intensity metrics (e.g., run-up or maximum inundation heights) within a certain period oftime (exposure time) at given locations (target sites); these estimates can be summarized in hazard mapsor hazard curves. This discussion presents a broad overview of PTHA, including (i) sources and mechanismsof tsunami generation, emphasizing the variety and complexity of the tsunami sources and their generationmechanisms, (ii) developments in modeling the propagation and impact of tsunami waves, and (iii)statistical procedures for tsunami hazard estimates that include the associated epistemic and aleatoricuncertainties. Key elements in understanding the potential tsunami hazard are discussed, in light of therapid development of PTHA methods during the last decade and the globally distributed applications,including the importance of considering multiple sources, their relative intensities, probabilities ofoccurrence, and uncertainties in an integrated and consistent probabilistic framework