Evaluation of an active mating disruption concept against codling moth (Cydia pomonella) under the aspects of different application systems and varieties

Beside standard systems of mating disruption the activity of the product Exosex CM and Exosex 2 CM under the aspect of different application systems and several varieties were tested at the research station of the Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology Klosterneuburg. Male insects were attracted into the Exosex dispenser by using the appropriate pheromone, which acts on the pheromone receptive sensors on the male so that they cannot locate calling females. Standard mating disruption techniques usually rely on the introduction of amounts of pheromone emitted by natural populations of pest species into the atmosphere. Exosex CM significantly reduces deployment time and labour costs in the orchards, additionally the flexibility to fit in with IPM programmes was tested. The assessments were done visually on windfall fruits, fruits on the tree and on all fruits at harvest followed by statistical evaluation. Among the fruits sprayed with the IPM system there was an infestation rate of the first (Cydia pomonella) generation at the variety Idared of 0,8%, the second generation treated with Exosex showed an infestation of 13%. In the biological trial however the infestation by the first generation was about 4% and the infestation of the second generation about 31%

Factors Associated with Alcohol Intake in Mountain Top Huts Among Slope Tourers

Introduction: Ski touring along ski slopes (slope touring) has increased in recent years on Austrian ski slopes. Alcohol consumption is proposed to be a risk factor in winter sports-related accidents. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with alcohol intake among uninjured slope tourers. Methods: A total of 328 slope tourers (45% females) with a mean age of 43.8 +/- 11.8 years were questioned in February and March 2014 in two huts at the top of two Austrian ski areas. Questionnaires were conducted during daytime (9.00 a.m.-4.00 p.m.) and nighttime hours (5.00 p.m.-9.45 p.m.) with a following breath alcohol test. Slope tourers filled in on demographics, skill level, risk-taking behavior, ski helmet use, and alcohol consumption. In addition, slope tourers who had consumed alcohol were asked to estimate their individual breath alcohol level. Results: In total, 187 (57%) of the slope tourers reported that they had consumed alcohol at the hut. Male sex, a higher BMI, more ski touring experience, and less ski helmet use were significantly associated with alcohol intake among slope tourers. Mean-tested breath alcohol level was 0.24 +/- 0.17; this significantly differed from the mean estimated breath alcohol level of 0.18 +/- 0.12. Male slope tourers had a significantly higher breath alcohol level than female slope tourers (0.26 +/- 0.17 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.15, p = 0.014). Conclusion: Approximately 60% of interviewed slope tourers, predominantly males, consumed alcohol in the huts. In addition, male slope tourers had a significantly higher breath alcohol level compared to female slope tourers and mean-tested breath alcohol level was underestimated by approximately 25% on average.(VLID)3080964Version of recor