Effect of black surfaces to increase the average surface temperature of the earth: A global warning!

Gradual increase of the Earth's surface temperature can cause many significant changes on the climate of our planet. This problem is progressively increasing. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the absorption of the Sun's energy and lack of proper reflection of emissions due to man-made activities, one of which is the increase in black surfaces. In this descriptive and cross-sectional research, black surfaces in Gonabad city and the average heat absorption in amount and the increase in average heat absorption due to these surfaces were calculated by physical formula. To date, we used the information obtained from Gonabad Isallobars Office (GIO) and other related offices in the region (from 1980-2009) and performed a simple experiment to support our claim. Many factors were found to be the cause of the increase in average surface temperature of earth, such as increase in black surfaces. These surfaces appear not only on residential buildings but also on roads which have increased (637%) during this 30-year period in Gonabad city. It was calculated that 864 m3 of the air should be replaced to cool 1 m2 of the black surfaces. The average heat of the land surface in desert cities seems to increase rapidly. Therefore, it deserves much attention on the part of local managers and city officials to design plans and make some decisions for reducing or alleviating the problem as soon as possible

Interactive Multi-level planning for energy management in clustered microgrids considering flexible demands

This paper presents a novel interactive multi-level planning strategy for the energy management of distribution networks with clustered microgrids (CMGs). CMGs are a group of microgrids with multiple renewable energy resources that comprise various technologies, such as photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, micro turbines and electric vehicles. This study develops an innovative multi-level optimization framework for the energy management coordination between microgrids and CMGs in the lower level, between clusters and distribution systems, and finally between distribution systems and upstream networks in the upper level. Accordingly, an hourly optimal energy management (HOEM) system is applied to minimize the multi-objective objective function for each level. The lower level may be operated in islanded or grid-connected mode in some hours. This is decided by changing switches between MGs, clusters, and grids, while the upper level is only operated in the grid-connected mode. Moreover, a demand response program that has a great effect on the hourly planning of switches is modeled in the upper level. The proposed model is tested on CMGs and actual distribution systems. The results show the significance of this planning strategy in the techno-economic aspects and optimal power transaction in the distribution system operation.© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Investigating the Relationship Between End Tidal Carbon Dioxide and Arterial Carbon Dioxide Pressure in Patients With Respiratory Distress Referred to the Emergency Room of Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital

Background: Measuring end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) can be a non-invasive, fast, and reliable method to predict partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in patients with respiratory distress. This method, which can be a suitable substitute to measure PaCO2, is being used in many emergency rooms and operating rooms in developed countries, but its exact relationship with PaCO2 has not been confirmed yet. This study aims to investigate the relationship between PaCO2 and ETCO2 in patients with respiratory distress referred to the emergency. Materials and Methods: Arterial blood gases were measured in patients referred to the emergency room of Hazrat Rasool Akram (PBUH) Hospital with the main complaint of respiratory distress, and the ETCO2 of the patient was measured simultaneously with a capnograph. At the same time, the blood pressure and body temperature of the patients were also measured. The obtained information was collected in a sheet and statistically analyzed using SPSS software, version 15. Results: A total of 120 patients were included in the study whose mean age was 48.3. The Mean PaCO2 and ETCO2 were 47.45 and 26.9, respectively. The mean respiratory rate was 37.4 and diastolic (89.9) and systolic (124.9) blood pressure. A total of 48.33% of patients were women. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between PaCO2 and ETCO2 (P=0.0001; CC=0.436). Linear regression analysis showed that ETCO2 predicts PaCO2 with R=0.424. Conclusion: A good correlation was found between PaCO2 and ETCO2 and this correlation was higher in diseases such as sepsis and COPD. Variables such as age, sex, and blood pressure did not affect this correlation. Of course, more studies on healthy people are necessary to confirm these findings

Oxidation-alkaline-enhanced abiotic humification valorizes lignin-rich biogas digestate into artificial humic acids

This study introduces a cost-effective, mild thermal abiotic humification method for producing highly humified artificial humic acids (AHAs) from lignin-rich biogas digestate. Derived from the co-anaerobic digestion of cattle manure-wheat straw, the digestate slurry undergoes an MnO2-KOH-urea-enhanced humification reaction. Key process variables, such as MnO2 dose (0–15 mg/L), KOH dose (0–1 mol/L), urea dose (0–1.2 mol/L), reaction time (30–150 min), and temperature (25–85 °C), were systematically explored to optimize AHA yield, carboxylic acid content, and lignin removal. Optimal conditions, employing 7.69 mg/L of MnO2, 0.57 mol/L of KOH, and 0.63 mol/L of urea at 85 °C for 106 min, resulted in an impressive AHA yield of 32.15%, featuring a significant carboxylic acid content of 3.325 mmol/g. Under these conditions, up to 65% of lignin was effectively removed, accompanied by the release of orthophosphate up to 258 mg/L. The produced AHAs exhibited reduced toxicity, as demonstrated by substantial reductions of 54.13%, 57.14%, and 42.50% in phenols, furfural, and hydroxymethylfurfural, respectively. Notably, the AHAs displayed favorable characteristics, including a lower molecular weight (760.49 g/mol), diminished aromaticity (66.25% reduction), higher humification degree (lower C/N ratio of 8.79), increased oxidation degree (higher O/C ratio of 0.6), and elevated spectral index of humification (higher E4/E6 of 4.58). Analytical techniques, such as FT-IR, XPS, and TGA-MS, revealed chemical resemblance and enhanced functionality of AHAs compared to natural counterparts. Differentiation between AHA, lignin, and humification residues was confirmed through SEM-EDX, ICP-OES, and organic/inorganic carbon analyses. The obtained AHAs exhibit promising characteristics suitable for diverse applications in sustainable agriculture and environmental management