Additional file 1: of Efficacy and safety of indacaterol/glycopyrronium fixed-dose combination in mild-to-moderate COPD patients symptomatic on tiotropium in Korea: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

List of participating centers in Korea. (DOC 63 kb

Association of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Lung Function and Exacerbations in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

<div><p>Background</p><p>The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (NLR) is a widely available marker of inflammation. Several types of inflammatory cells and mediators have been found to be involved in the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We sought to evaluate the association of the NLR with severity of airflow limitation and disease exacerbations in a COPD population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We analyzed 885 patients from the Korean COPD Subtype Study cohort that recruited subjects with COPD from 44 referral hospitals. We determined the relationship of NLR levels to severity of lung function using a linear regression model. In addition, we analyzed the experiences of COPD exacerbation according to the NLR quartiles.</p><p>Results</p><p>NLR levels were inversely associated with severity of airflow limitation as measured by FEV₁% predicted and absolute values after adjustments for age, gender, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, and the use of inhaled corticosteroid (P<0.001, respectively). In the multivariate binary regression model, the NLR 4th quartile (vs. 1st quartile) was found to be a significant predictor of exacerbations during 1-year follow-up (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.03 to 4.06, P = 0.041). Adding an NLR to FEV₁ significantly improved prediction for exacerbations during 1-year follow-up as measured by the net reclassification improvement (NRI = 7.8%, P = 0.032) and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI = 0.014, P = 0.021).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The NLR showed a significant inverse relationship to airflow limitation and was a prognostic marker for future exacerbations in patients with COPD.</p></div

Baseline Characteristics of Patients According to Quartiles of Baseline NLR Level.

<p>Baseline Characteristics of Patients According to Quartiles of Baseline NLR Level.</p

Univariate Association with the Occurrence of Exacerbation during the First Year of Follow-up.

<p>Univariate Association with the Occurrence of Exacerbation during the First Year of Follow-up.</p

sj-docx-1-tar-10.1177_17534666231169472 – Supplemental material for Heterogeneity of asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap from a cohort of patients with severe asthma and COPD

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tar-10.1177_17534666231169472 for Heterogeneity of asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap from a cohort of patients with severe asthma and COPD by Joon Young Choi, Chin Kook Rhee, Kwang Ha Yoo, Ki-Suck Jung, Jae Ha Lee, Hyoung Kyu Yoon, Seung Won Ra, Myung Goo Lee and Yong Suk Jo in Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease</p

The relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and lung function.

<p>The relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and lung function.</p

Factors Associated with an Exacerbation During the First Year in the Multivariate Model^*.

<p>Factors Associated with an Exacerbation During the First Year in the Multivariate Model^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0156511#t004fn002" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Study flow diagram.

<p>Study flow diagram.</p

Percentage of patients in each neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio tertile that experienced at least one exacerbation in the previous year.

<p>Percentage of patients in each neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio tertile that experienced at least one exacerbation in the previous year.</p

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis with FEV1 As the Output.

<p>Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis with FEV1 As the Output.</p