2,488 research outputs found
Manual Scaling of Ionograms Measured at Jeju (33.4°N, 126.3°E)
The ionosphere has been monitored by ionosondes for over five decades since the 1960s in Korea. An ionosonde typically
produces an ionogram that displays radio echoes in the frequency-range plane. The trace of echoes in the plane can be read
either manually or automatically to derive useful ionospheric parameters such as foF2 (peak frequency of the F2 layer) and
hmF2 (peak height of the F2 layer). Monitoring of the ionosphere should be routinely performed in a given time cadence,
and thus, automatic scaling of an ionogram is generally executed to obtain ionospheric parameters. However, an auto-scaling
program can generate undesirable results that significantly misrepresent the ionosphere. In order to verify the degree of misrepresentation
by an auto-scaling program, we performed manual scaling of all 35,136 ionograms measured at Jeju (33.43˚N,
126.30˚E) throughout 2012. We compared our manually scaled parameters (foF2 and hmF2) with auto-scaled parameters
that were obtained via the ARTIST5002 program. We classified five cases in terms of the erroneous scaling performed by the
program. The results of the comparison indicate that the average differences with respect to foF2 and hmF2 between the two
methods approximately correspond to 0.03 MHz and 4.1 km, respectively with corresponding standard deviations of 0.12
MHz and 9.58 km. Overall, 36 % of the auto-scaled results differ from the manually scaled results by the first decimal number.
Therefore, future studies should be aware of the quality of auto-scaled parameters obtained via ARTIST5002. Hence, the results
of the study recommend the use of manually scaled parameters (if available) for any serious applications
A new resonance in the reaction
We study the -photoproduction focusing on the new nucleon resonance
which was observed at MeV with a narrow decay width (
MeV) in the recent GRAAL experiment. Using an effective Lagrangian approach, we
compute differential cross sections for the -photoproduction. In addition
to , we employ three other nucleon resonances, i.e. ,
and , and vector meson exchanges which are the most
relevant ones to this reaction process. As a result, we can reproduce the GRAAL
data qualitatively well and observe obvious isospin asymmetry between the
transition magnetic moments of : .Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Lett.
The voltage-gated potassium channel Shaker promotes sleep via thermosensitive GABA transmission
Genes and neural circuits coordinately regulate animal sleep. However, it remains elusive how these endogenous factors shape sleep upon environmental changes. Here, we demonstrate that Shaker (Sh)-expressing GABAergic neurons projecting onto dorsal fan-shaped body (dFSB) regulate temperature-adaptive sleep behaviors in Drosophila. Loss of Sh function suppressed sleep at low temperature whereas light and high temperature cooperatively gated Sh effects on sleep. Sh depletion in GABAergic neurons partially phenocopied Sh mutants. Furthermore, the ionotropic GABA receptor, Resistant to dieldrin (Rdl), in dFSB neurons acted downstream of Sh and antagonized its sleep-promoting effects. In fact, Rdl inhibited the intracellular cAMP signaling of constitutively active dopaminergic synapses onto dFSB at low temperature. High temperature silenced GABAergic synapses onto dFSB, thereby potentiating the wake-promoting dopamine transmission. We propose that temperature-dependent switching between these two synaptic transmission modalities may adaptively tune the neural property of dFSB neurons to temperature shifts and reorganize sleep architecture for animal fitness.
Ji-hyung Kim and Yoonhee Ki et al. show that low temperatures suppress sleep in Drosophila by increasing GABA transmission in Shaker-expressing GABAergic neurons projecting onto the dorsal fan-shaped body, while high temperatures potentiate dopamine-induced arousal by reducing GABA transmission. This study highlights a role for Shaker in sleep modulation via a temperature-dependent switch in GABA signaling
Separation of Phosvitin from Egg Yolk without Using Organic Solvents
The objective of this study was to develop a new method to separate phosvitin from egg yolk without using organic solvents. Phosvitin was extracted from yolk granules using 10% NaCl or 10% (NH4)2SO4 (final concentration) and then treated with heat to precipitate the lipoproteins from the extracted solution. The optimal pH for the phosvitin extraction from yolk granules was determined, and the iron-binding ability of the extracted phosvitin (final product) was tested. Adding 10% (NH4)2SO4 disrupted the granules, and the subsequent thermal treatment at 90°C for 1 h precipitated low density and high density lipoproteins, which enabled separation of phosvitin by centrifugation. The phosvitin concentration in the extract was significantly higher when the pH of the solution was adjusted to pH ≥9. The purity and recovery rate of phosvitin at the end of the separation process were approximately 78% and 56%, respectively. The separated phosvitin was confirmed to have ferrous and ferric iron binding ability. The advantages of this new method compared with the traditional methods include no organic solvents and high-priced equipment are needed for the separation. Also, this method is more environment and consumer friendly than that of the traditional methods
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