Additional file 1: of Upregulation of interleukin-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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Microorganisms Causing Community-Acquired Acute Bronchitis: The Role of Bacterial Infection

<div><p>Background</p><p>Although acute bronchitis is quite common, there is relatively limited information regarding the microorganisms that are involved in this illness.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We performed a prospective study of acute bronchitis at 31 hospitals and clinics in Korea from July 2011 to June 2012. Sputum specimens were collected for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture of microorganisms.</p><p>Results</p><p>Of the 811 enrolled patients, 291 had acceptable sputum specimens that were included for analysis of the etiologic distribution. With multiplex PCR testing, viruses were identified in 36.1% (105/291), most commonly rhinovirus (25.8%) and coronavirus (3.8%). Typical bacteria were isolated in 126/291 (43.3%) patients. Among these patients <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (n = 39) and <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (n = 30) were isolated most commonly; atypical bacteria were identified in 44 (15.1%) patients. Bacteria-only, virus-only, and mixed infections (bacteria plus virus) accounted for 36.7% (98/291), 17.2% (50/291), and 18.9% (55/291) of infections, respectively. In particular, 52.4% of patients with viral infection had a concurrent bacterial infection, and rhinovirus was the most common virus in mixed infections (40/55). Additionally, infections with typical bacteria were more common in patients with chronic lung disease (<i>p</i> = 0.029), and typical bacterial infections showed a trend towards a higher prevalence with older age (<i>p</i> = 0.001).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Bacteria were associated with almost half of community-acquired acute bronchitis cases. Additional studies are required to further illuminate the role of bacteria and to identify patient groups most likely to benefit from antibiotic treatment.</p></div

Seasonal distribution of the causative viruses identified in 291 patients with acute bronchitis.

<p>Seasonal distribution of the causative viruses identified in 291 patients with acute bronchitis.</p

Distribution of the microorganisms identified in 291 patients with acute bronchitis according to lung co-morbidities.

<p>Distribution of the microorganisms identified in 291 patients with acute bronchitis according to lung co-morbidities.</p

Characteristics of patients with acute bronchitis according to microbiological categories in 291 patients with acceptable sputum (Murray-Washington classification degree IV or V).

<p>Characteristics of patients with acute bronchitis according to microbiological categories in 291 patients with acceptable sputum (Murray-Washington classification degree IV or V).</p

Clinical characteristics of 811 patients with acute bronchitis.

<p>Clinical characteristics of 811 patients with acute bronchitis.</p

Etiology of acute bronchitis in 291 patients with acceptable sputum and 520 patients with unacceptable sputum.

<p>Etiology of acute bronchitis in 291 patients with acceptable sputum and 520 patients with unacceptable sputum.</p

Distribution of the microorganisms identified in 291 patients with acute bronchitis with acceptable sputum.

<p>Distribution of the microorganisms identified in 291 patients with acute bronchitis with acceptable sputum.</p