Proposed World Bank low income housing project for Mbabane and Manzini -1993

A workshop on a proposed World Bank low-income housing project in Swaziland.This paper examines the nature and extent of low-income housing problems in Swaziland. The focus will be on a proposed low-income housing project by the World Bank for Mbabane and Manzini. The paper discusses land tenure conversion, finance and affordability of the proposed housing project for the low income group. Based on this analysis the paper suggests actions which might make the project viable. The main limitation of this paper is that it is written whilst the project consultancy is still underway in Manzini, thus information available is on the Mbabane consultancy. The paper is divided into five parts. The first part presents general information on demographic, economic and social factors of Mbabane and Manzini; secondly, housing need; thirdly, land tenure conversion; fourthly, finance and affordability; and lastly, a range of actions is suggested which can make the project viable.Overseas Development Administration; British Development Division (Central Africa

The Oppressive Sexist Male Language: A Feminist Portrayal of the English Language

In this paper, we examine the various ways in which language portrays a negative image of women. We argue that this state of affairs is of great concern to feminists. We identify ways in which language has been found wanting in as far as women are concerned. Firstly, language, especially the English language, is accused of creating false gender neutrality because this purported neutrality ends up showing a bias towards maleness. Feminists further argue that the English language makes women invisible and always overshadowed by men. The language is accused of making maleness the standard measure of humanity and maturity. As such, maleness is seen as the norm. They further argue that sex-marking common in the English language encourages male visibility and powerlessness of women in a male dominated world. As a result, the world is seen through an oppressive male worldview. Reform efforts have been piecemeal and as such have largely failed to reach the desired destination. Critics argue that these claims concerning the maleness of the English language are contentious, as they tend to be exaggerated, unrealistic and problematic. Keywords: Feminism, language, male, oppressive, sexist, portrayal, English DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/47-06 Publication date: April 30th 201

The Reason We Marry: Perceptions of Women’s Sexual Experiences in Zimbabwe

This study is an interrogation of views and experiences of sexual encounters of women from affluent urban settings and those from traditional communal areas in the communities of Zimbabwe. The study is based on women only WhatsApp groups discussions on their sex lives. Using evidence from the sentiments, views, perceptions and experiences of women from the two different settings, this paper argues that women enjoy heterosexuality; their only problem is that their male colleagues do not perform up to their expectations. This state of affairs makes some segments of feminist scholars think that heterosexuality puts women in a perpetual subordinate position that reduces them to the mothering roles linked to their reproductive capacities. Nonetheless, the female voices in this study argue that although in some cases, they still experience oppression and dissatisfaction women in heterosexual relations have agency and capacity to assert themselves and control their sexual experiences so that they also enjoy sex to optimum levels. The study shows that women are not always passive participants within heterosexual relations for they are able to express their sexual desires freely and sometimes negotiate options for pleasurable sexual experiences. The study shows that heterosexuality is neither a hegemonic nor monolithic one size fits all experience, but a multifaceted heterogeneous experience in which both women and men negotiate their cases in their own special ways. Keywords: Sex, women, sexuality, affluent suburbs, communal areas, perceptions, experiences. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/9-8-10 Publication date: April 30th 201

Traditional conflict management initiatives in Africa: Wellness models for southern Africa and the Zimbabwean crisis

In this paper we acknowledge that people are inherently different, and conflict simply happens when those differences come to light. We argue that equipped with an appropriate conflict management process, people can explore and understand those differences, and use them to interact in a more positive, productive way. This paper is anchored on the argument that resources are scarce and thus people are bound to clash over their distribution. We view conflict as unavoidable. We are guided by African approaches to conflict management in which emphasis is on wellness, sacredness of human life, cohabitation and working together for progress and development. We argue that experience in the modern world has taught us that our understanding of conflict has a critical bearing on our response to its emergence. If conflict is considered to be inherently destructive, then our efforts are bound to be directed towards suppressing it. If we view conflict as normal and inescapable, then the challenge lies in managing it constructively. We argue that the major point about conflict management in Africa is the emphasis on resolving of conflicts amicably through elders, traditional leaders, healing and reconciliation rituals. Keywords: Conflict, management, ubuntu, wellness, initiatives, traditional, Africa. DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/47-07 Publication date: April 30th 2019

Delegated Parenting in the City of Masvingo: Perceptions and Experiences of Parent Students at Zimbabwe Open University, Masvingo Regional Campus

This study sought to investigate perceptions and experiences of female parent students on delegated parenting using a sample of twenty parent students at Zimbabwe Open University, Masvingo regional campus. The study was qualitative. Data was generated using focus group discussion. The study revealed that, the young female parents did not trust their maids but still they had to rely on them since they were all employed and going to school. Respondents shared instances and reports of child abuse in their families and stories from the media about child abuse. The study recommended that government, employers and local authorities should come up with supportive policies to create a conducive environment for parenting responsibilities; efforts should be made to improve the quality and conditions for child care in both the informal and formal environment through caregiver training; and parents should always create quality time for their children. Keywords: Parenting, city of Masvingo, perceptions, experiences, students, Zimbabwe Open University DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/9-8-09 Publication date: April 30th 2019

The female body in the sex business: Feminist perceptions from a historical perspective

In this paper, we examine feminist perceptions on the experiences and portrayal of women in sex commerce including pornography, prostitution, trafficking in persons and the use of sexual images of women to promote products and entertainment. This paper is largely a conceptual discussion of related literature, and thus data was generated through desktop review of related literature and previous empirical studies on sex markets. We establish that feminist theorists are divided on the question of whether markets in sexually explicit materials and sexual services are generally harmful to women. As a result, some feminist scholars have explored and developed arguments for restricting sex markets, while others have investigated political movements that aim to advance the rights of sex workers. Key words: Feminists, perspectives, theorists, sex markets, pornography, prostitution, trafficking. DOI: 10.7176/IKM/9-4-06 Publication date: April 30th 201

Health Problems in Zvimba Rural and Communal Areas in Zimbabwe

This study was carried out to determine people’s health problems in Zvimba district in Mashonaland West Province. The research employed the survey research design to solicit data since it was found to be the most appropriate for this study as it was capable of capturing the respondents’ views towards health issues in Zvimba district fast enough to meet both the time frame and the demands of the study. It involved 189 participants in an easily definable geographical area. These respondents comprised 135 communal dwellers who visited clinic or hospital the same day one of the researchers passed through the clinic or the hospital collecting data for the study, plus 54 professional health workers who accepted to participate in the study. The study used questionnaires and interviews for the collection of data. Research results showed that malaria and diarrhoea were the most prevalent diseases with the highest frequency rates among other diseases. The study recommends increase in the number of clinics, availability of low cost public transport, upgrade of road network links and community engagement in health awareness programmes. Keywords: People, health, health problems, rural, communal, Zvimba, Zimbabwe DOI: 10.7176/DCS/9-4-09 Publication date: April 30th 201

A Socio-Cultural Narrative of Homes for Older People in Eswatini: A Wellness Perspective

This paper presents a narrative of socio-cultural perceptions of homes for old people in Eswatini and their impact on indigenous and cultural norms of the old generation who are the beneficiaries of these homes. On top of establishing that there is a paucity of published research on elderly care and support in Eswatini, the paper argues that the majority of old people still reside in the rural areas where indigenous socio-cultural values are strongly held. It also establishes evidence of growing economic shocks and rising inequality, all heightening old-age vulnerabilities. The government has not sufficiently responded to the needs of older people even with the constant advantage of the low population of older people in Eswatini. The paper argues that Eswatini needs interventions that are culturally appropriate for successes to be recorded in all aspects of development. It advocates for the UNESCO (1995-2012) model that calls for interventions that are culturally appropriate, gender and age responsive, grounded in human rights and involving people affected by the interventions. There is need for a care and support system that permits the elderly to remain in their homes. Keywords: Older people, homes, Eswatini, socio-cultural, narratives DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/51-02 Publication date:September 30th 201

Employment and social inclusion: implications for young adults in Swaziland.

Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2016.The motivation for the research came from seeing young people struggle to get that first job breakthrough to the extent of compromising their qualifications for any available job, including landing in precarious jobs without suitable contracts, susceptible to manipulation. The motivation for my research was interaction with former students and relatives battling to transition from training to work careers whilst dealing with the rising expectations of society in their transition to adulthood. Methodologically, the study utilised a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews to collect primary data. Theoretically, the study was oriented around Bourdieu‘s theory of practice and Mills‘ sociological imagination. The study makes the basic assumption that employment is not only an individual personal experience requiring personal solutions, but it is also a public issue requiring public-political solutions. This research addresses two major issues. Firstly, to record the experiences of young people with employment and provide a voice for young people to share their stories of employment. Secondly, is to contribute to the literature, given the paucity of studies specifically addressing youth employment within the field dominated by unemployment literature. Research findings indicate that employment has positive outcomes and is also filled with challenges. Findings indicate a close relationship between education attainment and access to employment, education is still an important part of human capital. Employment is a life changing experience for young people, having a liberating effect that ensures independence from parents and partners, guaranteeing affordability of basic needs and luxuries, providing an opportunity to settle down and start a family, and enabling integration and participation in society. Challenges include; entering the job market and placed in jobs matching training, delayed entry into the job market encouraging volunteer work as a stepping stone to better jobs, and skills transfer problems whereby the future workforce‘ readiness is put to question. Interestingly, preference for employment supersedes entrepreneurial choices, yet the government and other key stakeholders view entrepreneurship as an alternative to a bulging labour market. The study recommends further research in the activity of young people. The scholarship failure to produce literature on young people‘s activity has caused paucity in this knowledge base

Nonlinear nanofluid flow over heated vertical surface with sinusoidal wall temperature variations

The nonlinear density temperature variations in two-dimensional nanofluid flow over heated vertical surface with a sinusoidal wall temperature are investigated. The model includes the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Using the boundary layer approximation, the two-dimensional momentum, heat, and mass transfer equations are transferred to nonlinear partial differential equations form and solved numerically using a new method called spectral local linearisation method.The effects of the governing parameters on the fluid properties and on the heat and nanomass transfer coefficients are determined and shown graphically