Superconductivity in the Sn-Ba-Sr-Y-Cu-O system

Since Bednorz and Muller discovered high-T(sub c) superconductivity in the La-Ba-Cu-O compound, several families of superconducting oxides have been synthesized. Here, researchers report the results of search for superconductivity in the compounds based on tin, which has a lone electron pair like Bi, Tl, Pb. The following compounds were synthesized: Sn1Ba1Sr1Cu3Ox, Sn1Ba1Ca1Cu3Ox, Sn1Ba1Mg1Cu3Ox, Sn1Sr1Ca1Cu3Ox, Sn1Sr1Mg1Cu3Ox, Sn1Ca1Mg1Cu3Ox. The initial components were oxides and carbonates of the appropriate elements. Standard firing-grinding procedure was used. Final heating was carried out at 960 C during 12 hours. Then the samples were cooled inside the furnace. All the synthesis cycles were carried out in air atmosphere. Among the synthesized compounds only Sn1Ba1Sr1Cu3Ox showed remarkable conductivity. Other compounds were practically dielectrics. Presence of a possible superconductivity in Sn1Ba1Sr1Cu3Ox was defined by using the Meissner effect. At low temperature a deviation from paramagnetic behavior is observed. The hysteresis loops obtained at lower temperatures undoubtly testify to the presence of a superconductive phase in the sample. However, the part of the superconductive phase in the Sn1Ba1Sr1Cu3Ox ceramic turned out to be small, less than 2 percent, which agrees with the estimation from magnetic data. In order to increase the content of the superconductive phase two-valent cations Ba, Sr were partially substituted by univalent (K) and three-valent ones (Y)

Spin Content of the Quantum Soliton

The classical soliton solution, quantized by means of suitable translational and rotational collective coordinates, is embedded into the one-particle irreductible representation of the Poincare group corresponding to a definite spin. It is shown, that within the conventional quasiclassical expansion such embedding leads to a set of nontrivial consistency conditions imposed on the classical solution. The validity of these relations is considered for a number of soliton models in 2+1- and 3+1-dimensions.Comment: 10 pages, Standard LaTe

Changes and the principle of assessment of readiness for changes in the life cycle of buildings

Introduction. The subject of this study is volumetric and spatial elements of a building and their locations. Practical significance of the study is to accelerate decision making in the selection of properties for further practical work of arrangement. The purpose of the study is to find the possibility of comprehensive evaluation of architectural solutions for hypothetical changes, such as functional purpose. Scientific novelty: the possibility of simplifying prospective changes at the design stage is considered.Materials and methods. The spectrum of changes to buildings over time is described – from operational needs, through renovations to major renovations. The basis of the work is rich in frequent changes material on buildings for research and risky innovation. A range of changes, statistically frequently occurring in civil engineering buildings, is presented. Empirical and theoretical research methods have been used in an integrated way.Results. A list of the techniques is given which the architect can use to facilitate possible future changes in a building or premises, related to a change of activity, a change of tenant or owner. The characteristics of the parties involved in considering each of the features of the property are described. Two simplified examples are used to assess the architectural solutions affecting the possibility of future changes. An assessment package for determining a building’s readiness for prospective change, using office-type ordinal diagrams, is given.Conclusions. The appraisal apparatus can be used to compare properties that are to be converted (due to sale or rent). The application of the presented appraisal apparatus will require the creation of a mathematical formula that takes into account the significant database for each of the properties. The result of the appraisal is a summary in numerical form and a diagram reflecting the architectural solution, showing the building’s readiness for future changes

A green chemical method for synthesis of bromine-containing “building blocks” for the production of photovoltaic polymers

Bromine-containing derivatives of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds are the most important "building blocks" in the assembly of modern Photovoltaic Polymers (PV). While PV is being developed to produce "green" energy, converting sunlight to electricity, the reactions for producing brominated derivatives of building blocks described in the literature are examples of obsolete and environmentally dirty technologies. More environmentally harmful than bromination with molecular bromine [1] can only be bromination by molecular bromine in a concentrated hydrobromic acid medium [2]. Using 1,1'-diphenyl (1), 9H-diphenylcarbazole (2) and thiophene (3) as examples, we successfully tested the bromination of the above objects with a mixture of potassium bromide and bromate in acetic acid as outlined in the diagram