12 research outputs found
Regulation of Cellobiase Secretion in Termitomyces clypeatus by Co-Aggregation with Sucrase
Regulated secretory proteins are sorted via selective co-aggregation in eukaryotes. Cellobiase
(C) of the filamentous fungus Termitomyces clypeatus remained co-aggregated with sucrase (S), and only
one isoform of each of the enzymes was present in intra- and extracellular extracts. Kinetics of secretion
of sucrase increased in vivo and in vitro in secreting (Sc) medium and decreased under non-secreting
(NSc) conditions similar to those observed for cellobiase. In the Sc condition, total enzyme production
and activity ratios of cellobiase and sucrase (C/S) in cell-bound, extra- and intracellular preparations
increased with time and were significantly higher from those obtained in non-secretory media. It was
concluded that secretion of sucrase in culture medium is under same cellular regulation as that of
cellobiase, and sucrase is involved in regulating extracellular release of cellobiase through co-aggregation
in the fungus
In vitro probiotic characterization of Lactobacillus casei isolated from marine samples
The present study evaluated probiotic potentials of marine bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria (LAB).Three marine LAB isolates, designated SB71, SB73 and SB93, were characterized as Lactobacillus casei.They possessed features like high level of gastrointestinal survival, inability to form biogenic amines,adherence to Caco-2 cells and marked cholesterol assimilation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about marine probiotic bacteria from the Indian subcontinent. Tolerance of the three isolates to NaCl, bile and low pH was noteworthy. EPS from SB93 markedly disrupted bacterial adherence and
promoted remediation of cadmium and lead. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiadhesive activities were exhibited by the SB93 bacteriocin and the active principle survived autoclaving. All three bacteriocins exhibited antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholerae as opposed to previous results. Earlier reports mentioned that the bacteriocinogenic isolates were cultivated for 24 h following which antimicrobial action of bacteriocins (in cell-free culture supernatants) was noted. However, in the present study, the test LAB isolates were cultivated for a period of up to 5 days and bacteriocins (in cell-free
supernatants collected daily from the cultures) continued to exhibit antimicrobial activity, thus advocating
for their potential lasting effect in diseased individuals
Mustard Stalk and Straw: A New Source for Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes by the Fungus Termitomyces Clypeatus and as a Substrate for Saccharification
Agro residue of mustard obtained as mustard stalk and straw (MSS) was investigated for the first time
for production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by Termitomyces clypeatus and also for use as substrate for
saccharification. MSS with high cellulose and hemicellulose content was utilized as sole source of carbon
by the fungus for productions of enzymes such as (CMcase, �-glucosidase, xylanase and �-xylosidase) in
submerged fermentation. Production of enzymes were further increased by 2–10 folds on supplementation
with common agro-residues such as wheat bran and rice straw (MWR) in 1:1:1 ratio and by using
alkali treated MSS (TMSS). The enzymes obtained from MWR and TMSS media could saccharify 10% (w/v)
wheat bran up to 53% and 58% in 24 h, and xylan up to 52% and 81% in 12 h, respectively. MSS was used
for saccharification by enzymes of T. clypeatus grown in cellulose media after pretreatment with hot
water and NaCl respectively, where extent of saccharification was doubled to 80% by salt treatment as
compared to that with hot water. The results indicated that MSS can be used as a potential and cheap
renewable raw material from India for production of bio-ethano
Increased Enzyme Secretion by 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose in Presence of Succinate by Suppression of Metabolic Enzymes in Termitomyces Clypeatus.
Regulatory mode of secretion of proteins was detected for the industrial glycosidase, cellobiase, under
secreting conditions (in presence of TCA cycle intermediates like succinate etc.) in the filamentous fungus
Termitomyces clypeatus. The titers of key metabolic enzymes were investigated under secreting and nonsecreting
conditions of growth and compared to the corresponding production of intra and extracellular
levels of cellobiase. Results were compared in presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a potent glycosylation
inhibitor in the secreting media. Inclusion of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in presence of succinate caused about
10 to 100 times decrease in titers of the metabolic enzymes hexokinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, isocitrate
lyase and malate dehydrogenase leading to increased secretion of cellobiase by more than 100
times. The intracellular concentration of cAMP (86-fold decrease in presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose under
secreting conditions) and turnover rate of proteins also dropped significantly. In this suppressed metabolic
state, a 10-fold increase in the titer of the secreted cellobiase was noticed. The results indicated elucidation
of carbon catabolite repression like phenomenon in the fungus under secreting conditions which
was more pronounced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The interdependence between secretion and regulation of
metabolic enzymes will help in better understanding of the physiology of these highly adapted organisms
for increasing their secretion potential of glycosidases like cellobiase with high industrial value
Interference of Sugars in the Coomassie Blue G dye Binding Assay of Proteins
The presence of sugars causes significant deviation from the actual absorbance of proteins in the Bradford
protein assay. In these studies, polysaccharides and disaccharides at milligram levels mimicked proteins
in microgram equivalents. Monosaccharides, which individually did not show any absorbance, interfered
significantly by sequestering the dye species. The studies demonstrated that in a mixture of sugars and
proteins, sugar interference was much higher than expected from sugar molecules’ individual contribution.
Estimated protein values were increased 2 to 4 times after precipitation from fungal culture broths.
Thus, in carbohydrate-rich samples, protein concentrations should be ascertained by precipitation from
crude extracts and resolubilization in a noninterfering buffe
Enhanced Activity and Stability of Cellobiase (b-Glucosidase: EC 3.2.1.21) Produced in the Presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose from the Fungus Termitomyces Clypeatus
Generally less glycosylation or deglycosylation has a detrimental effect on enzyme activity and stability.
Increased production and secretion of cellobiase was earlier obtained in the presence of the glycosylation
inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose in filamentous fungus Termitomyces clypeatus [Mukherjee, S.; Chowdhury, S.;
Ghorai, S.; Pal, S.; Khowala, S. Biotechnol. Lett. 2006, 28, 1773–1778]. In this study the enzyme was purified
from the culture medium by ultrafiltration and gel-permeation, ion-exchange and high-performance
liquid chromatography, and its catalytic activity was six times higher compared to the control enzyme.
Km and Vmax of the purified enzyme were measured as 0.187 mM and 0.018 U mg�1, respectively, using
pNPG as the substrate. The enzyme had temperature and pH optima at 45 �C and pH 5.4, respectively,
and retained full activity in a pH range of 5–8 and temperatures of 30–60 �C. Interestingly less glycosylated
cellobiase was resistant towards proteolytic as well as endoglycosidase-H digestion and showed
higher stability than native enzyme due to increased aggregation of the protein. The enzyme also showed
higher specific activity in the presence of cellobiose and pNPG and less susceptibility towards salts and
different chemical agents. The b-glucosidase can be considered as a potentially useful enzyme in various
food-processing, pharmaceutical and fermentation industries
In situ Reversible Aggregation of Extracellular Cellobiase in the Filamentous Fungus Termitomyces clypeatus
Cellobiase (E.C. 3.2.1.21), is a widely exploited
industrial glycosidase with a major role in biofuel industry.
Its stability and shelf life are major bottlenecks in
achieving a superior formulation for industry. In the
filamentous fungus Termitomyces clypeatus, the enzyme is
secreted in a co-aggregated form with sucrase; the
separation of this co-aggregation results in substantial loss
of the enzyme’s activity. The aim of the present study was
to examine the mode of aggregation of the secreted
cellobiase-sucrase coaggregate and its role in the
stabilization of cellobiase. Transmission electron microscopy
and dynamic light scattering of purified co-aggregates
revealed reversible, concentration driven self-aggregation
of the extracellular enzymes to form larger entities.
However, the intracellular enzyme aggregates were rigid,
non-interacting, and possessed a higher percentage of
disulphide bonds. Circular dichroic spectra of the two coaggregates
indicated no significant difference in secondary
structures. Self-association increased the stability of
extracellular aggregates towards heat by 1.5 fold, SDS by
4 ~ 7 fold, and chaotropic agents, by 1.5 ~ 2 fold, than the
intracellular counterpart. The Km of extracellular aggregate
varied between 0.29 and 0.45 mM as a result of
spontaneous aggregation and disaggregation, whereas that
of intracellular aggregate was 0.22 mM irrespective of its
concentration status. In situ detection of cellobiase in
native PAGE revealed two activity bands of the
extracellular enzyme, which indicated a minimum of two
active dissociated aggregate species, as compared to a
single band for the intracellular enzyme. These studies are
believed to improve the understanding of aggregation of
the fungal glycosidases, which remains to be a blackbox, to
increase the efficacy of these enzyme
Characterization of a Novel Low Molecular Weight Sucrase From Filamentous Fungus Termitomyces Clypeatus
An extracellular sucrase from the culture filtrate of filamentous basidiomycota Termitomyces clypeatus
grown on high sucrose (5%, w/v) was purified by gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange
chromatography and HPGPLC. The biochemical properties, molecular weight and conformation of
sucrase produced were significantly different from the sucrase earlier purified from sucrose (1%, w/v)
mediumin the fungus. Purified sucrase was characterized as a low molecular weight protein of 13.5 kDa
as approximated by SDS-PAGE and HPGPLC and exhibited predominantly random coil conformation in
far-UV CD spectra. The enzyme was optimally active at 47 8C and pH 5.0. Km and catalytic activity of the
enzyme for sucrose were found to be 3.5 mM and 1.06 U/mg/mM, respectively. The enzyme was
maximally active towards sucrose than to raffinose and sucrase activity was significantly inhibited by
bivalent metal ions and reducing group agents. The results indicated that due to changes in aggregation
pattern, molecular organization of purified sucrase, produced in high sucrose medium, was altered and
was different from the previously reported enzyme. This is the first report of a sucrase of such low size
showing activity
Comparative elucidation of properties of sucrase-cellobiase co-aggregate produced in media containing sucrose by <i style="">Termitomyces clypeatus</i>
468-479Production profiles and characterization of
the sucrase-cellobiase (S-C) co-aggregates
from the filamentous fungus Termitomyces
clypeatus were compared in media containing 1%
and 5% sucrose to understand the effect of cellular regulation over
secretion and aggregation of these two industrially important glycosidases. The
enzymes were secreted constitutively but in a high sucrose medium (5%),
cellobiase secretion was reduced to a basal
level of 0.03 U/mL. In intracellular, cell-bound
and extracellular milieus, S/C ratios gradually declined in a predictable trend
indicating participation of more cellobiase subunits for secretion. Sucrase was
secreted via vacuoles in the fungus,
following the same route as that of cellobiase and thus co-aggregates of S-C
were present in the vacuolar fraction. The extracellular
co-aggregates showed similar molecular sizes (>550
kDa) on zymography; however, SDS-PAGE revealed substantial difference in
their subunit assemblies. Sucrase from the 5% medium showed a 2.6 times lower Km
than 1% medium. These
observations demonstrated the formation of a unique S-C co-assembly, optimally
suited to its needs and accommodation of the constituent subunits, to be used
for biotechnological applications
Cellobiase from Termitomyces clypeatus: activity and secretion in presence of glycosylation inhibitors
In presence of the glycosylation
inhibitors, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (1 mg/ml), tunicamycin
(30 lg/ml), 1-deoxynojirimycin (30 lg/ml)
and D-glucono-d-lactone (1 mg/ml), total cellobiase
activity, in the extracellular, intracellular and
cell bound fractions, of the fungus Termitomyces
clypeatus grown in 20 ml cellobiose medium (1%,
w/v) increased by 50-, 1.8-, 2.4-, 1.3-fold, respectively,
with respect to control medium (16.3 U).
The inhibitors also stimulated secretion of 95% of
the total protein in culture medium, except
D-glucono-d-lactone which released 60% of the
total protein. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (1 mg/ml) led
to production of extracellular cellobiase up to
40 U/ml, whereas in absence of the inhibitors only
0.59 U/ml enzyme was detected