Assessment of Blood Pressure in Primary Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis

Introduction: Enuresis is defined as the repeated voiding of urine into bed at least twice a week for at least 3 consecutive months in a child who is at least 5 years of age. Primary enuresis occurs in children who have never been consistently dry through the night.  Monosymptomatic enuresis has no associated daytime symptoms. Increased nocturnal urine production in primary nocturnal enuretic patients could possibly be associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate autonomic nervous system function in enuretic children.Materials and Methods: In this study, children with monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis (MPNE) and healthy children without MPNE were enrolled and their blood pressure was measured twice a day (in the morning and afternoon). Urinalysis, urine electrolyte levels, urinary culture, and urinary system ultrasound were performed in all the children. They were also requested to have a diary about daily fluid intake and the volume of daily urine.Results: The MPNE group comprised 100 children (M/F: 58/42) and the control group included 100 healthy children (M/F: 51/49). The mean age of the children was 8.1±2.3 and (8.9±2.53 years in MPNE and control groups, respectively. The mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during the nighttime and daytime did not differ between the groups (p-value>0.05); however, the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the nighttime in the MPNE group (p-value<0.05) but did not differ between the groups during the daytime (p-value>0.05).Conclusions: Nighttime SBP was significantly higher in children with MPNE. These subtle abnormalities of the circadian blood pressure regulation may reflect autonomic nervous system dysfunction and contribute to the pathogenesis of MPNE.Keywords: Child; Enuresis; Blood pressure; Autonomic dysfunctio

Evaluation of blood pressure in children with idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome

Children with an overactive bladder generally exhibit frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence. Often, a child will squat to try to prevent urinary incontinence. The bladder in these children is not anatomically and is functionally, smaller than normal and exhibits strong uncontrolled contractions. The aim of this study was to the evaluation of blood pressure (BP) in children with idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome. In this case-control study, we selected 110 children with overactive bladder as cases and 220 children without overactive bladder as controls. Children with overactive bladder and healthy children without overactive bladder were enrolled, and their BP was measured in children. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant in our comparisons. The mean age of the children was 8.8 ± 1.70 and 8.53 ± 2.44 years in overactive bladder and control group, respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic BP were a significant difference between case and control groups (P = 0.001). Systolic and diastolic BP were significantly higher in children with overactive bladder

Inhibitory effect of walnut (Juglans regia L.) husk hydroalcoholic extract on LDL oxidation in Vitro

Introduction:Lipid oxidation, including LDL oxidation, plays a pivotal role in development of atherosclerosis. Supplementing diet with antioxidants, such as vitamin E and walnut husk hydroalcoholic extract, may prevent LDL oxidation. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of walnut husk hydroalcoholic extract on serum LDL oxidation caused by copper sulfate.Method:Blood samples were obtained from healthy individuals after an overnight fasting. Serum LDL was isolated. A control group was created using the serum LDL alone, and experiment groups were created using serum LDL oxidized by CuSO4 and walnut husk hydroalcoholic extract at concentrations of 0.2, 2 and 20 μg/mL. LDL oxidation was assessed through measuring conjugate dienes, lag times and malonedialdehyde (MDA) to provide a basis for comparing the effects of different concentrations of walnut husk hydroalcoholic extract on serum LDL oxidation in the presence of copper.Results:Our findings indicate that walnut husk hydroalcoholic extract reduces serum LDL oxidation, with lag times equal to 87%, 178% and 202% for concentrations of 0.2, 2 and 20 μg/mL, respectively. In other words, the inhibitory properties of walnut husk hydroalcoholic extract on LDL oxidation are proportionate to the extract concentration.Conclusion:The findings of the present study indicate that walnut husk hydroalcoholic extract prevents LDL oxidation. This compound may have similar effects in vivo