Effect of irrigation-induced erosion on the degradation of soils in river valleys of the alpine Pamir

© 2015, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Results of a study were analzyed, which was conducted on the arable stony alpine soils in the Gunt River valley and the upper Panj River. Such soils are occurring in different regions of the Western Pamirs. The physicochemical properties of the soils were studied using conventional methods, and the degradation rate of the soil cover was determined using the radiocesium method. Low contents of humus (2–3° with furrow irrigation, is the main anthropogenic factor of soil degradation. The lower content of humus in the soils of the Panj River valley is due to the larger portion of slopes >3° with furrow irrigation, on which also maximum rates of irrigation-induced erosion (>30 ha/year) were observed

Melatonin level as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration

Background. The current trend towards an increase in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) incidence rate in the population, including the working-age population, with a possible loss of professional activity, indicates the need for early preclinical identification of risk groups, timely prevention and treatment. In the prevention and treatment of AMD, the prospect of using melatonin is being actively discussed.Aim: to analyze serum and tear fluid levels of melatonin in patients with AMD and study their correlation with risk factors.Materials and methods. In the course of the study, two groups were formed: the main group - patients with non-exudative AMD and senile cataract (n = 40) and the reference group - conditionally healthy patients without AMD and cataract (n = 20). Patients of both groups were surveyed to identify risk factors for AMD. The content of melatonin in blood serum and lacrimal fluid was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Melatonin ELISA Kit (USA).Results. In the course of the study, it was found that the concentration of melatonin in blood serum and tear fluid in patients with AMD was significantly lower than in patients of the reference group (p <0.05). Serum and tear fluid melatonin levels depend on the following factors: age, body mass index (BMI), arterial hypertension, eye color, insomnia, and night work. It is possible that the local determination of melatonin in the lacrimal fluid can be a biomarker in the determination of ophthalmic pathological conditions.Conclusion. The obtained results can be used as recommendations for clarifying individual regimens for the use of melatonin, especially in the treatment of patients with AMD

Modern possibilities of optical reconstructive surgery in patients after removal of the iridociliary zone tumor

Choroid neoplasms account for two-thirds of all intraocular tumors, of which 23% are tumors of the iris and ciliary body, and the rest are choroidal tumors. After removing the tumor of the iridociliary zone (ICZ) it is necessary to perform optical reconstructive surgery to reduce light aberrations and increase visual functions.Purpose. To identify key features of the complex rehabilitation of patients after removal of the ICZ tumor.Material and methods. The clinical and functional results of the complex rehabilitation of 12 patients (12 eyes) aged from 35 to 84 years (average 66 years) were studied at least 1 year after removal of the ICZ tumor. The area of the iris defect before the reconstructive surgery ranged from 15 to 55%. Preoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were 0.26±0.19 (from 0.01 to 0.6) and 0.46±0.22 (from 0.1 to 0.8) respectively. All patients underwent phacoemulsification of cataract and implantation of the irislens diaphragm.Results. After the reconstructive surgery, UCVA and BCVA increased: 0.5±0.17 (from 0.2 to 0.7) and 0.61±0.27 (from 0.3 to 0.9) respectively. Undesirable optical effects were decreased, and patients were satisfied with the cosmetic result.Conclusion. The presented algorithm of optical reconstructive surgery after removal of the ICZ tumor creates necessary conditions for increasing postoperative functional results and improving the quality of life of these patients

The state of indicators of the angio-OCT of the macular area in pregnant women with preeclampsia in conjunction with the content of the factor of endothelial dysfunction, their importance for predicting vascular retinal pathology in the postpartum period

Purpose. Clinical assessment of the hemodynamic state of the macula in pregnant women with preeclampsia in conjunction with the content of endothelial dysfunction factors, their importance in predicting vascular retinal pathology in the postpartum period.Material and methods. The main group consisted of 46 pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE) from 19 to 40 years. 36 women had a moderate degree of PE, and 10 women had a severe degree. The 1st comparison group included 20 pregnant women with a physiological course of pregnancy, from 18 to 38 years. The 2nd comparison group included 16 non-pregnant women with occlusions of the branches of the central retinal vein (CRV), aged 34 to 45 years. The control group consisted of 20 healthy, non-pregnant women from 19 to 38 years. All patients underwent determination of the level of endothelin-1 (E) in the lacrimal fluid (LF), the state of hemodynamics of the macular area was investigated using optical coherent tomography with angiography function (angio-OCT).Results. The highest values of the average level of E in LF occurred in the main group and in the 2nd comparison group (2.5±1.1 and 2.6±0.4 ng / ml, respectively). In the 1st comparison group in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, the indicators of the total average density of the superficial vascular plexus in the macular region (DS), the density of the superficial vascular plexus in the fovea (DF), the density of the superficial vascular plexus in the parafova (DP), the area of the retinal avascular area (NFA) and subfoveal thickness of the choroid (CTX) had statistically significant differences from the control (p<0.01), but after 6–9 months after birth, these differences disappeared, although the difference in DS, DP values remained.Conclusion. In women with PE in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, there was a statistically significant increase in E level in the LF and the deterioration of the angio-OCT of the macular ar ea

Терапия неоваскулярной глаукомы

Neovascular glaucoma is a severe pathology of the eye, which is difficult to treat. It is characterized by rapid progression, high intraocular pressure (IOP) level, severe pain and an acute decrease in visual acuity. Its most common causes include diabetic retinopathy and ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. The endothelial vascular cells respond to a specific stimulus (tissular hypoxia) and secrete proangiogenic factors. The most significant is VEGF. The resulting imbalance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors produces neovascularization of the eye tissues. Panretinal photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy are used to reduce iris neovascularization and reduce the complications of surgical treatment. Currently, surgical methods such as trabeculectomy and tubular drainage implantation are used to treat neovascular glaucoma. An alternative to surgical interventions is presented by cyclodestructive procedures. Transscleral diode-laser micropulse cyclophotocoagulation is the latest technology, characterized by the absence of a pronounced damaging effect on tissues and a small number of complications.Неоваскулярная глаукома является тяжелой патологией органа зрения, которая трудно поддается медикаментозному и хирургическому лечению. Данная форма глаукомы характеризуется быстрым прогрессированием, высоким уровнем внутриглазного давления, выраженным болевым синдромом и снижением зрительных функций вплоть до полной их утраты. Наиболее частыми состояниями, при которых развивается неоваскулярная глаукома, являются диабетическая ретинопатия и тромбоз центральной вены сетчатки. Эндотелиальные клетки сосудов в ответ на специфический стимул в виде гипоксии вырабатывают проангиогенные факторы, наиболее значимым из которых является VEGF. Возникающий дисбаланс между про- и антиангиогенными факторами провоцирует развитие неоваскуляризации структур глаза. С целью уменьшения неоваскуляризации и снижения осложнений хирургического лечения применяются панретинальная лазеркоагуляция и введение анти-VEGF препаратов. В настоящее время для лечения неоваскулярной глаукомы применяются такие хирургические методы, как трабекулэктомия и имплантация трубчатых дренажей. Альтернативой хирургическим вмешательствам являются циклодеструктивные вмешательства. Новой технологией, характеризующейся отсутствием выраженного повреждающего действия на ткани и малым количеством осложнений, является транссклеральная циклофотокоагуляция в микроимпульсном режиме с использованием диодного лазера

To the question about rational choice between original and generic drugs: arguments to use the first

Issues of safety and efficacy of drugs attracts much attention worldwide. The growing use of generics and the lack of stringent requirements to research focused on their biological and therapeutic equivalence are causing concern of ophthalmologists. The literary review presents hypotensive properties and physical characteristics of the major original and generic hypotensive eye drops

EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY IN RESORPTION MECHANISM OF FIBRILLAR-STRUCTURED DRAINAGE IMPLANTS FOR GLAUCOMA SURGERY

Purpose. To study a resorption mechanism of fibrillar-structured drainage implants for glaucoma surgeries based on an experimental morphological investigation.Material and methods. The study was carried out in 24 chinchilla rabbits, which were divided into 3 groups of 8 animals in each. drainage implants made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were implanted in rabbits from the group 1, drainage implants made of polyamide-6 in rabbits from the group 2, and drainage implants made of polylactide (PLA) in rabbits from the group 3. Postoperative inflammatory reaction was evaluated in the postoperative follow-up period. After the removal of the animals from the experiment the morphological investigation of their eyes was performed.Results. The eyeball inflammatory reaction to the implantation of polymeric material corresponded to the degree 0 during the entire followup period in the group 1. Histology showed a thin capsule formation at the edge of the drainage implant, containing a low amount of extracellular matrix and a lot of cellular elements. In the group 2 the eyeball inflammatory reactions corresponded to the degree 1. Histologically, the fibrous structure of the drainage implant could hardly be observed, that indicates a diffuse resorption type. The whole structure of the drainage implant was permeated with large amount of cells: macrophages and multinuclear giants prevailed, fibroblasts were presented as well, fibrocytes, lymphocytes, newly formed collagen fibers between drainage implant fibers were also observed. In evaluation of results obtained during implantation of the polylactide matrix the eyeball inflammatory reaction corresponded to the degree 0. Histological examination showed that the implant retained its original position, was partially resorbed. Fibrous structure of the implant was retained, that indicated a superficial resorption type. A moderate accumulation of macrophages was determined among its fibers, isolated giants and lymphocytes were also presented.Conclusions. The drainage implant made of polylactide exhibit a superficial resorption type that is optimal for structure maintenance, local reaction reduction and better resorption level prognosis. The fibrillarstructured framework of the drainage implant along with superficial resorption type provides better conditions for aqueous humor flow. The experiment revealed no toxic effect of polylactide drainage implant on a rabbit eye

Effect of irrigation-induced erosion on the degradation of soils in river valleys of the alpine Pamir

© 2015, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Results of a study were analzyed, which was conducted on the arable stony alpine soils in the Gunt River valley and the upper Panj River. Such soils are occurring in different regions of the Western Pamirs. The physicochemical properties of the soils were studied using conventional methods, and the degradation rate of the soil cover was determined using the radiocesium method. Low contents of humus (2–3° with furrow irrigation, is the main anthropogenic factor of soil degradation. The lower content of humus in the soils of the Panj River valley is due to the larger portion of slopes >3° with furrow irrigation, on which also maximum rates of irrigation-induced erosion (>30 ha/year) were observed

Effect of irrigation-induced erosion on the degradation of soils in river valleys of the alpine Pamir

© 2015, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Results of a study were analzyed, which was conducted on the arable stony alpine soils in the Gunt River valley and the upper Panj River. Such soils are occurring in different regions of the Western Pamirs. The physicochemical properties of the soils were studied using conventional methods, and the degradation rate of the soil cover was determined using the radiocesium method. Low contents of humus (2–3° with furrow irrigation, is the main anthropogenic factor of soil degradation. The lower content of humus in the soils of the Panj River valley is due to the larger portion of slopes >3° with furrow irrigation, on which also maximum rates of irrigation-induced erosion (>30 ha/year) were observed

Effect of irrigation-induced erosion on the degradation of soils in river valleys of the alpine Pamir

© 2015, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Results of a study were analzyed, which was conducted on the arable stony alpine soils in the Gunt River valley and the upper Panj River. Such soils are occurring in different regions of the Western Pamirs. The physicochemical properties of the soils were studied using conventional methods, and the degradation rate of the soil cover was determined using the radiocesium method. Low contents of humus (2–3° with furrow irrigation, is the main anthropogenic factor of soil degradation. The lower content of humus in the soils of the Panj River valley is due to the larger portion of slopes >3° with furrow irrigation, on which also maximum rates of irrigation-induced erosion (>30 ha/year) were observed