Development and applications of inkjet printed conducting polymer micro-rings

A drying sessile drop moves the solute particles to the periphery where they get deposited in the form of a ring. This phenomenon is prevalent even with micro drops falling at high velocity from a piezo-actuator based inkjet printer. In polymer microelectronic field, this phenomenon is a major challenge for fabricating devices using inkjet printing. We exploited this problem and applied it for various novel applications in the field of polymer microelectronics. Various dispensing techniques and temperature variations for micro-drop printing were used for modifying the micro-drops in such a way that the periphery of the micro-ring holds most of the solute as compared to inner base layer. Reactive ion etching (RIE) was used for removing the inner base layer in order to make the micro-rings completely hollow from the center. These micro-rings were applied in the fabrication of polymer light emitting diode, humidity sensor and vertical channel field effect transistor. High resolution polymer light emitting diode array (\u3e200 pixels/inch) was fabricated by inkjet printing of micro-ring and each micro-ring acts as a single pixel. These micro-rings were applied as a platform for layer-by-layer (LbL) nano-assembly of poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly-styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) for the fabrication of humidity sensor. Enhanced sensitivity of the humidity sensor was obtained when the inkjet printed micro-rings are combined with LbL assembled PEDOT:PSS films. During the fabrication of vertical channel field effect transistors, inkjet printed PEDOT:PSS micro-rings were used as source and the inner spacers between the adjacent micro-rings were used to make channel. These micro-rings can also find other applications in the field of biological sciences. These micro-rings can be used as cell culture plates and as scaffolds for cell and/or tissue growth

Variable bone fragility associated with an Amish COL1A2 variant and a knock-in mouse model

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable form of bone fragility typically associated with a dominant COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutation. Variable phenotype for OI patients with identical collagen mutations is well established, but phenotype variability is described using the qualitative Sillence classification. Patterning a new OI mouse model on a specific collagen mutation therefore has been hindered by the absence of an appropriate kindred with extensive quantitative phenotype data. We benefited from the large sibships of the Old Order Amish (OOA) to define a wide range of OI phenotypes in 64 individuals with the identical COL1A2 mutation. Stratification of carrier spine (L1–4) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) Z -scores demonstrated that 73% had moderate to severe disease (less than −2), 23% had mild disease (−1 to −2), and 4% were in the unaffected range (greater than −1). A line of knock-in mice was patterned on the OOA mutation. Bone phenotype was evaluated in four F 1 lines of knock-in mice that each shared approximately 50% of their genetic background. Consistent with the human pedigree, these mice had reduced body mass, aBMD, and bone strength. Whole-bone fracture susceptibility was influenced by individual genomic factors that were reflected in size, shape, and possibly bone metabolic regulation. The results indicate that the G610C OI (Amish) knock-in mouse is a novel translational model to identify modifying genes that influence phenotype and for testing potential therapies for OI. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral ResearchPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65040/1/90720_ftp.pd

PLACENTA ACCRETA SPECTRUM: A CASE SERIES OF 12 CASES WITH REVIEW OF LITERATURE

ABSTRACT Placenta accreta spectrum is a rare pathology but there is increase in incidence of placenta accreta. We report a case series of 12 patients of placenta accreta managed at Government Medical college and Rajindra Hospital Patiala over one year ( December 2021- November 2022). All cases had histopathological proven diagnosis of placenta accreta. The major risk factors identified were placenta previa, previous caesarean section, multiparity, advanced maternal age, endo uterine maneuver. Ultrasound (USG) colour doppler and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed us to strongly suspect the presence of placenta accreta in a pregnant woman with risk factors. Placenta accreta spectrum is associated with life threatening hemorrhage, urinary bladder injury, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, massive blood transfusion and maternal death. The course of action in each and every patient varies according to whether the diagnosis of the placenta is made antenatal or perpartum and the amount of blood loss. KEYWORDS Caesarean hystrectomy, Placenta accreta, Placenta increta, Placenta percreta.   INTRODUCTION The placenta accreta spectrum disorders is described by International Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics (FIGO) 2018 into three categories: first, the adherent placenta accreta when the villi simply adhere to the myometrium, second the placenta increta, when the villi invade the myometrium and third the placenta percreta, when villi invade the full thickness of the myometrium including the uterine serosa and sometimes adjacent pelvic organs (1). Its incidence has been rising in recent years and this appears to correlate with the increase of caesarean section rates. Major risk factors are a history of placenta previa, previous caesarean section (C -Section), advanced maternal age, multiparity and a history of endo-uterine maneuvers (2). The diagnosis may be antenatal, based primarily on obstetrical ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but may be discovered after a failed separation of placenta. The diagnosis of certainty is histological; it is mainly diagnosed per-partum in form of the absence of cleavage zone between the placenta and the myometrium thus making delivery of placenta difficult or impossible (3). The first-line treatment has long been hysterectomy, but current advances in surgical and homeostatic techniques have improved the prognosis in postpartum hemorrhage allowing us to experiment a conservative treatment. This conservatives treatment must be applied with caution and in a suitable infrastructure and would allow the preservation of subsequent fertility as well as the reduction of morbidity and maternal-fetal mortality (3). Placenta accreta spectrum disorders is associated with a high risk of severe postpartum hemorrhage, serious comorbidities and maternal death. According to world Health Organization, the cause of maternal death is severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after child birth) which is why these disorders have become a public health problem (4). It is therefore essential that obstetricians be up-to-date to properly manage patients by following the latest recommendations from learned societies

A maternal near-miss case of massive obstetric hemorrhage: Recent trends in management of hemostatic failure

Obstetric hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Uterine atony is the major cause of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) accounting for 79% of all cases besides genital trauma, placental causes and coagulation disorders. We present a case of massive obstetric hemorrhage secondary to uterine atony that was referred to our center in a state of hemorrhagic shock with severe metabolic acidosis, hypothermia and coagulopathy. Prompt activation of massive transfusion protocol, use of thromboelastography guided correction of coagulopathy and early hysterectomy to control hemorrhage played a vital role in successful patient management. Postoperative intensive management of ventilatory function, haemodynamics, kidney function and sepsis led to a favourable outcome. This case highlights the importance of multi-disciplinary team management involving anesthesiologist, emergency medical personnel, obstetrician, blood transfusion services and critical care team in optimizing the clinical condition of the critical patient