Optimal sizing of grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic and battery energy storage for houses with electric vehicle

A practical optimal sizing model is developed for grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage (BES) of homes with electric vehicle (EV) to minimise the net present cost of electricity. Two system configurations, (1) PV-EV and (2) PV-BES-EV, are investigated for optimal sizing of PV and BES by creating new rule-based home energy management systems. The uncertainties of EV availability (arrival and departure times) and its initial state of charge, when arrives home, are incorporated using stochastic functions. The effect of popular EV models in the market is investigated on the optimal sizing and electricity cost of the customers. Several sensitivity analyses are adopted based on variations in the grid constrains, retail price and feed in tariff. Uncertainty analysis is provided based on the variations of insolation, temperature, and load to approve the optimal results of the developed model. A practical guideline is presented for residential customers in a typical grid-connected household to select the optimal capacity of PV or PV-BES system considering the model of EV. While the proposed optimization model is general and can be used for various case studies, real annual data of solar insolation, temperature, household\u27s load, electricity prices, as well as PV and BES market data are used for an Australian case study. The developed optimal sizing model is also applied to residential households in different Australian States

Optimal EV Charge Scheduling Considering FCR Participation and Battery Degradation

Emerging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology gives more flexibility to electric vehicles (EVs) for participating in ancillary service markets. This paper presents an optimal charge scheduling model for EVs by considering V2G, frequency containment reserve (FCR), and battery degradation, to investigate the profitability of FCR participation for an individual EV. The model considers the EV owners’ preferences for desired energy at the departure times while participating in FCR. The total scheduling cost of the EV is minimized through a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The outputs of theMILP model are the EV’s charge/discharge pattern and the amount of power for each scheduling horizon. It is found that FCR participation is quite profitable for EV owners

Effects of Calendar and Cycle Ageing on Battery Scheduling for Optimal Energy Management: A Case Study of HSB Living Lab

This paper deals with the optimal scheduling of abuilding microgrid coupled with solar photovoltaic and batteryenergy storage (BES) considering battery degradation. The aim isto minimize the operation cost of the microgrid which includes thecost of imported electricity from the grid, the degradation cost ofthe battery, the cost for the peak power drawn from the grid, andthe revenue from selling electricity to the grid. The nonlinearmodels of calendar and cycle ageing are linearized to solve theoptimal scheduling as a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) problem. The developed model is examined for a realresidential building microgrid (HSB Living Lab) in Gothenburg,Sweden. The results show that if the degradation of the BES isignored, the operation cost of the microgrid will increase by 1,394SEK per year, and the ageing cost of the BES will also rise by42.27%

Guest editorial: Application of cloud energy storage systems in power systems

Cloud energy storage system (CESS) technology is a novel idea to eliminate the distributed energy storage systems from the consumers into a cloud service centre, where CESS acts as a virtual energy storage capacity instead of the actual devices. The power and energy of several distributed energy storages are combined using a CESS to assure providing storage services for small consumers. A CESS is a shared pool of grid-scale energy storage systems to reduce the cost of energy storage services in the power system which can increase the penetration level of onsite distributed renewable energy sources, reduce the electricity bills of consumers, and provide flexibility to the power grid by reducing the peak loads. The current Special Issue aims to explore technologies, methodologies, and solutions to develop CESSs with an efficient, secure, and stable operation of power systems.Scopu

Multiobjective Long-Period Optimal Planning Model for a Grid-Connected Renewable-Battery System

This article develops a practical framework for the multiobjective optimal planning of a grid-connected renewable-battery system considering a long-period operation. The capacities of wind turbine, solar photovoltaic (PV), and battery storage are optimized by minimizing three objective functions: cost of electricity (COE), grid dependence (GD), and total curtailed energy (TCE). A new rule-based energy management is developed for the long-period operation, where: 1) the capacity degradations of PV and battery are applied; 2) purchase and sell electricity prices are updated for each year using interest and escalation rates; and 3) the salvation value of the components is considered to achieve a realistic economic analysis of the planning problem. The developed multiobjective optimal planning model is examined using the long-period (ten years) real data of wind speed, solar insolation, ambient temperature, and load consumption for a grid-connected household in Australia. It is found that a household with the minimum GD (0.008%) results in a COE of 116 \ua2/kWh with a TCE of 100 MWh in ten years. The proposed optimal planning framework based on the long-period operation is compared with the short-period operation

Vehicle to Everything (V2X) - A Survey on Standards and Operational Strategies

Number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is increasing significantly in the market. High number of PEVs in the grid, however, would bring major challenges to the electricity network to sufficiently supply the required charging for PEVs. Hence, making an interconnection between the transport and electricity systems is essential, and discharging of PEVs is a viable option to reduce the pressure on the network. To develop PEV discharging in a massive scale, the concept of vehicle to everything (V2X) has been emerged which includes the vehicle to home (V2H), vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to grid (V2G), vehicle to load (V2L), and vehicle to building (V2B) technologies. This paper presents a survey on the standards and operational strategies for further deployment of V2X. Hence, the existing standards are introduced and the need for new standards and regulatory frameworks to deploy the V2X technology is discussed. The charger types (i.e., onboard and offboard) are explained and compared in terms of benefits and existing challenges. The operational strategies for V2X are investigated and categorized. It is discussed how to develop a operation models for V2X application

A Review on Implementation of Vehicle to Everything (V2X): Benefits, Barriers and Measures

Increasing the number of electric vehicles (EVs) is necessary to support decarbonization of energy systems. Although high penetration of EVs brings new challenges to power systems as to provide sufficient energy and capacity for EVs charging, discharging of EVs would be a supportive option for electricity grid operators. Vehicle to everything (V2X) is the capability of EVs to support the grids through the vehicle to grid (V2G), vehicle to home (V2H), vehicle to load (V2L), vehicle to building (V2B) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V) technologies. The V2X technologies accelerate the electrification of the transport sector by creating added values for EVs. This paper provides a review of V2X implementation and the classification of the main benefits, barriers of V2X and possible measures to overcome. An overview of recent V2X demonstration projects worldwide has been presented along with their aims and scopes. Three groups of main benefits (i.e., social acceptance, market benefits, and economic benefits) are identified and discussed. Main barriers for V2X are categorized into four groups (i.e., technical, economic, regulatory, and social) and discussed. The paper also discussed possible measures to overcome the barriers to support successful implementation of V2X

Machine Learning-based Sizing of a Renewable-Battery System for Grid-Connected Homes with Fast-Charging Electric Vehicle

This paper develops a sizing model of solar photovoltaic (SPV), small wind turbine (SWT) and battery storage system (BSS) for a grid-connected home with a fast-charging plug-in electric vehicle (PEV). The home trades energy with the main grid under time-of-use tariffs for selling and purchasing electricity that affects the energy management. In this paper, a practical rule-based operation strategy is developed for the grid-connected home with fast-charging PEV that enables efficient and cheap energy management. The sizing problem is solved using a supervised machine learning algorithm, which is a feed forward neural network, by minimizing the cost of electricity. While the developed renewable-battery sizing model is general, it is examined using actual data of insolation, wind speed, temperature, load, grid constraints, as well as technical and economic data of BSS, SPV, SWT, and PEV in Australia. Uncertainty analysis is investigated based on ten scenarios of data for wind speed, temperature, load, insolation, and PEV. The effectiveness of the proposed model with fast-charging PEV is verified by comparing to slow charging and uncontrolled fast-charging models, as well as two other machine learning methods and a metaheuristic algorithm. It is found that the proposed model decreases the cost of electricity by 10.1% and 19.6% compared to slow charging and uncontrolled fast-charging models for the grid-connected home with PEV

Guest editorial: Application of cloud energy storage systems in power systems

Cloud energy storage system (CESS) technology is a novel idea to eliminate the distributed energy storage systems from the consumers into a cloud service centre, where CESS acts as a virtual energy storage capacity instead of the actual devices. The power and energy of several distributed energy storages are combined using a CESS to assure providing storage services for small consumers. A CESS is a shared pool of grid-scale energy storage systems to reduce the cost of energy storage services in the power system which can increase the penetration level of onsite distributed renewable energy sources, reduce the electricity bills of consumers, and provide flexibility to the power grid by reducing the peak loads. The current Special Issue aims to explore technologies, methodologies, and solutions to develop CESSs with an efficient, secure, and stable operation of power systems.Scopu