Učinak dodatka prehrani na subklinički mastitis krava

Bovine mastitis is an important commercial and sanitary cost in milk production. The prevention and treatment of this disease is essentially based on the use of antibiotics that have limited effectiveness and can negatively affect milk quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative treatment based on a symbiotic in the control and prevention of subclinical mastitis (SCM), and in the improvement of the quality of milk produced on a dairy farm in north-central Algeria. The milk of 68 cows was collected and analysed by somatic cell count and bacteriological analysis. Three samples were taken at one-month intervals. The first sample was taken before the administration of a feed additive (SYMBIOVEBA®) to lactating dairy cows. Animals were divided into two groups to study the effects (curative and preventive) of the symbiotic. Each group was further divided into two subgroups, where one received the symbiotic and the other was the control. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at this farm was 33.82%. Bacterial identification was performed using classical methods only on the group of cows with mastitis; a total of 13 bacterial species were isolated from the three samples. Staphylococci were dominant, with a frequency of 45%, followed by Enterobacteriaceae (40%). These rates were considerably lower in both subgroups, though treated cows showed 100% cure rate for both Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae. Individual somatic cell count (ISCC) was performed on all three samples and in both groups, and revealed a cure threshold (S) of 200,000 cells/mL, and a 100% cure rate for the SYMBIOVEBA®-treated cow subgroup compared to 62.5% for the control subgroup (P<0.05).Mastitis krava predstavlja važan ekonomski i sanitarni trošak u proizvodnji mlijeka. Prevencija i liječenje ove bolesti u osnovi se temelje na uporabi antibiotika koji negativno utječu na kakvoću mlijeka i čija je učinkovitost ograničena. Cilj je ove studije bio procijeniti učinkovitost alternativnog liječenja na temelju simbioze kontrole i prevencije subkliničkog mastitisa (SCM) te poboljšanja kakvoće mlijeka koje se proizvodi na farmi mlijeka koja se nalazi u sjevernom središtu Alžira. Prikupljeno je mlijeko 68 krava te analizirano prema broju somatskih stanica, a učinjena je i bakteriološka analiza. Izuzeta su tri različita uzorka u intervalu od mjesec dana. Prvi je uzorak izuzet prije davanja dodatka prehrani (SYMBIOVEBA®) mliječnim kravama u laktaciji. Životinje su klasificirane u 2 skupine kako bi se proučila dva učinka (ljekoviti i preventivni) simbioze. Svaka skupina podijeljena je u dvije skupine, jedna je primala simbiozu, a druga je bila kontrolna skupina. Pojavnost subkliničkog mastitisa na ovoj farmi bila je 33,82 %. Identifikacija mikroorganizama provedena je klasičnom metodom i odnosila se samo na skupinu krava s mastitisom na početku; to je dopustilo izolaciju 13 različitih mikroorganizama iz tri uzastopno uzorkovana uzorka. Otkrivena je dominacija stafilokoka s učestalošću od 45 % i enterobakterija (40 %). Ovi su postotci bili značajno niži u obje skupine, osim što je to bilo značajnije u liječenih krava: 100 % izlječenja za stafilokoke i enterobakterije. Broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku pojedine krave (ISCC) ispitan je u sva tri uzorka i u obje skupine je otkrio, za prag uprabe terapije (S) od 200,000 stanica/mL, 100 % postotak izlječenja za skupinu krava koje su primale SYMBIOVEBA® dodatak prehrani u usporedbi sa 62,5 % za kontrolnu skupinu krava (P<0,05)

Between sociolinguistics and sociology of language -Definitions and concepts-

ترمي هذه الورقة البحثية إلى تسليط الضوء حول حقل معرفي هام، يهتم بدراسة اللغة في علاقتها بالمجتمع، من خلال ربط الدرس اللغوي بالإطار الاجتماعي؛ أي دراسة اللغة وتأثير المجتمع بكل جوانبه فيها. وذلك نتيجة انفتاح علم دراسة اللغة على علم الاجتماع، والذي أنتج حقل معرفي يعرف بعلم اللغة الاجتماعي، وفي هذه الدراسة سيتم الفصل بين علم اللغة الاجتماعي وعلم الاجتماع اللغوي، من ناحية المفاهيم والتعاريف والقضايا التي يعالجها كل علم.This research paper aims to shed light on an important knowledge field, concerned with the study of language in its relationship with society, by linking the linguistic lesson to the social framework, meaning the study of language and the influence of society in all its aspects in it. That is the result of the openness of linguistics to sociology, which produced a knowledge field known as sociolinguistics, and in this study, a separation will be made between the social linguistics and the sociology of language, in terms of concepts, definitions, and issues that each science addresses

Epidemiološko istraživanje mastitisa u goveda i povezanih faktora rizika u okolici i gradu Eltarf u sjeveroistočnom Alžiru

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, and to assess potential risk factors among lactating cows, both local and crossbreeds, in and around Eltarf town in northeast Algeria. A total of 324 lactating cows were included in the survey, examined for mastitis by clinical examination of the udder and teats and tested using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) to determine clinical and subclinical mastitis. Data was collected in a questionnaire during the farm visit. The overall prevalence was 41.66% (135/324), of which 9.80% (32/324) were clinical and 31.79% (103/324) subclinical cases. Out of 1296 quarters examined, the prevalence rate was 41.04% (532/1296), where 9.25% (120/1296) were clinical and 31.79% (412/1296) subclinical aspects of mastitis. Right Hind teats (RH) showed the highest rate of inflammation (51.54%), followed by the Left Hind (LH) teat in second place (44.44%), Right front quarter (RF; 36.11%) and lastly Left Front (LF; 32.09%). The relationships of risk factors with mastitis status were determined using Chi-square analysis, associations between mastitis and the independent variables, including parity and hygienic condition of the udder, teat and housing of cows were statistically significant (P0.05). This study indicated that mastitis is a prevalent disease and a serious problem across herds in and around the Eltarf district in Algeria. Further detailed epidemiological, microbiological, and economic analysis studies are required at the national level to tailor existing control and prevention strategies. Regular surveillance measures are recommended.Istraživanje je provedeno da bi se ustvrdila prevalencija i procijenili potencijalni čimbenici rizika za mastitis u krava u laktaciji u gradu Eltarf i njegovoj okolici, u sjeveroistočnom Alžiru u križanih i lokalnih pasmina krava. Tri stotine i dvadeset četiri krava u laktaciji bile su uključeno u istraživanje mastitisa kliničkim pregledom vimena i sisa i testirano uporabom kalifornijskog mastitis testa (CMT) kako bi se ustvrdio klinički i supklinički oblik mastitisa. Anketa za prikupljanje podataka prikupljena je tijekom posjete farmi. Ukupni postotak prevalencije na razini krave iznosio je 41,66 % (135/324), od čega su 9,80 % (32/324) bili klinički i 31,79 % (103/324) supklinički oblici mastiitisa. Od ukupno 1296 pregledanih četvrti, postotak prevalencije iznosio je 41,04 % (532/1296), od čega su 9,25 % (120/1296) bili klinički, a 31,79 % (412/1296) supklinički oblici mastitisa. Najveći postotak infekcije (51,54 %) zabilježen je u desnoj stražnjoj četvrti vimena (RH), zatim u lijevoj zadnjoj četvrti (LH) (44,44 %), potom u prednjoj desnoj četvrti (RF) (36,11 %), a najmanji postotak infekcije je zabilježen u lijevoj prednjoj četvrti vimena (LF) (32,09 %). Povezanost čimbenika rizika s pojavnosti mastitisa ustvrđena je primjenom Chi-kvadrat analize, povezanosti između neovisne varijable, uključujući paritet i higijensko stanje vimena i sisa te smještaja krava s mastitisom, bili su statistički značajni (P0,05). Ova studija pokazala je da je mastitis rasprostranjena bolest i ozbiljan problem u mnogim stada u gradu Eltarf i njegovoj okolici u sjeveroistočnom Alžiru. Nužne su daljnje detaljne epidemiološke, mikrobiološke i ekonomske analize na razini cijele države da bi se prilagodila postojeća strategija kontrole i prevencije mastitisa te se preporučuju redovite mjere njegovog nadzora

Potpomognuta oplodnja Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822.

The objective of this work was to set up an experimental protocol concerning artificial reproduction in the catfish Clarias gariepinus with the induction of spawning using GnRH. The experiment was carried out at an aquaculture farm in Khemis Meliana (Ain Defla), Algeria. In the study, five African catfish broodstock (3 females and 2 males) were used. Hormonal injection was made into the back muscle below the fin, and doses of GnRH were determined according to the weight of each individual. Fertilisation was performed artificially using the dry method. After incubating the eggs, a binocular magnifying glass was used to check egg condition and embryonic development over time. The results obtained show that artificial insemination of this species, and survival and growth of larvae, are possible. After injection with GnRH, C. gariepinus females displayed successful ovulation, fertilisation, larval hatching, and larval monitoring. For this species, a latency period of 22 hours was recorded, and approximately 35,700 larvae were obtained. The fertilization rate was 48%. At the end of this experiment, we can conclude that it is possible to improve reproduction through the proper use of hormonal stimulation techniques and by improving the diet and abiotic factors that are dominant in fish farming.Cilj je ovog rada bio uspostaviti eksperimentalni protokol u svezi potpomognute oplodnje soma Clarias gariepinus s induciranjem mriještenja pomoću GnRH. U tu smo svrhu proveli studiju na akvakulturnoj farmi u Khemis Meliana (Ain Defla), u Alžiru. U radu smo koristili pet jedinki afričkog soma iz matičnog jata, 3 ženke i 2 mužjaka. Hormonske injekcije ubrizgane su u leđni mišić, ispod peraje. GnRH doze određene su ovisno o težini svakog roditelja. Oplodnja je obavljena umjetno, suhom metodom. Tijekom vremena, za provjeru stanja jajašaca i razvoja embrija nakon inkubiranja jajašaca, rabljeno je binokularno povećalo. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je potpomognta oplodnja ove vrste moguća, kao i preživljavanje i rast ličinki. Naime, nakon ubrizgavanja GnRH, ženke C. gariepinus pokazale su uspješnu ovulaciju, oplodnju, rast ličinki, kao i njihovo praćenje. Za ovu vrstu, zabilježeno je vrijeme latencije od 22 sata uz dobivanje oko 35700 ličinki vrste Clarias. Stopa oplodnje iznosila je 48%. Na kraju ovog eksperimenta možemo zaključiti da je moguće poboljšati reprodukciju ispravnom primjenom tehnika hormonalne stimulacije i poboljšanjem prehrane te abiotičkih čimbenika koji prevladavaju u uzgoju ribe

Umjetno osjemenjivanje šarana (Cyprinus carpio)

The aim of this study was to establish an experimental protocol for the artificial reproduction of royal carp ‘Cyprinus carpio’ with the hormonal induction of spawning. For this purpose, we conducted this study at an aquaculture farm in Khemis Meliana (Ain Defla, Algeria). The study included six royal carp broodstock, 4 females and 2 males. Hormone injection was performed in the dorsal muscle under the fin. The induction of carp was done successively in females by GnRH at a dose of 3 mg/kg and in males by hCG at a dose of 500 IU per kg weight. Fertilisation was done artificially by the dry method. After incubation of eggs, a binocular magnifying glass was used to check the condition of eggs and the development of the embryos over time. The results obtained show that the artificial reproduction of this species was possible, with success of ovulation and fertilisation, and hatching and growth of the larvae. Stripping was done after 24 h of hormonal stimulation at a temperature of 21°C. Disaggregation of eggs was performed efficiently with whole milk. The total number of eggs was 552,000 eggs with a weight of 1104 g. The average latency time was 22 hours. The hatching rate after 3 days of incubation on artificial spawning grounds at 21±1°C was 441,600 larvae (80%). Larvae food follow-up started from the 3rd day post-hatching with a combination natural food (rotifers) and artificial food. At the end of this experiment, we can conclude that it is possible to improve reproduction through the proper use of hormonal stimulation techniques and by improving feeding and abiotic factors that are dominant in fish farming.Cilj je ovoga bio rada utvrditi eksperimentalni protokol u svezi umjetnog osjemenjivanja šarana ‘Cyprinus carpio’ s hormonalnom indukcijom mriještenja. U tu smo svrhu proveli studiju na akvakulturnoj farmi u Khemis Meliana (Ain Defla, Alžir). U ovom smo radu koristili šest šarana iz matičnog jata: 4 ženke i 2 mužjaka. Hormonalne injekcije dane su u dorzalni mišić ispod peraja. Indukcija šarana u ženki obavljena je sukcesivno putem GnRH pri dozi od 3 mg/ kg i mužjaka dozom hCG po stopi od 500 IU po kg mase. Oplodnja je obavljena umjetno, suhom metodom. Nakon inkubacije jajašaca za provjeru stanja jajašaca i razvoja embrija tijekom vremena rabljeno je binokularno povećalo. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je umjetno osjemenjivanje ove vrste moguće, kao i preživljavanje i rast ličinki s uspješnom ovulacijom, oplodnjom i izlijeganjem ličinki. Prikupljanje zametnih stanica obavljeno je nakon 24 sata od hormonalne stimulacije na temperaturi od 21 °C. Deagregacija jajašaca učinkovito je obavljena pomoću punomasnog mlijeka. Ukupni broj jajašaca bio je 552,000 jajašaca s masom od 1104 g. Prosječno vrijeme latencije bilo je 22 sata. Postotak izlijeganja nakon 3 dana inkubacije na umjetnoj podlozi za mriještenje na temperaturi od 21 °C +/- 1 bio je 441,600 ličinki (80 %). Naknadna hranidba ličinki započela je trećeg dana od izlijeganja s diversifikacijom između prirodne hrane na bazi rotifera i umjetne hrane. Na kraju pokusa, možemo zaključiti da je moguće ispravnom uporabom tehnika hormonalne stimulacije i poboljšanjem hranidbe i abiotičkih čimbenika koji su dominantni u uzgoju ribe poboljšati reprodukciju

Ciste jajnika u goveda: pregledni članak

Ovarian cysts (OC) are one of the major factors affecting the fertility of dairy cattle due to their negative effects on reproductive performances, causing great economic losses. They have been traditionally defined as anovulatory follicular structures with a diameter exceeding 20 or 25 mm, lasting at least 10 days on the ovary in the absence of a functional corpus luteum. However, in recent years, the development of ovarian ultrasound and hormonal assays, particularly progesterone (P4), have provided additional information, thus changing the definition of this disease. These methods were proposed as the most effective combination for the diagnosis of OC. Treatments are primarily based on the use of different hormones or hormonal associations. Particularly, the standard treatment is GnRH. PGF2α is very effective in the case of luteal cyst. However, treatment failures observed with commonly administered hormones require the use of second-line treatments. Therefore, the Ovsynch protocol and progestogen appear to be a possible alternative in OC treatment. In order to prevent OC formation and to reduce OC incidence, strategies should focus on reducing diseases and stress and optimizing food intake during dry-off and post-partum (PP) periods. Medical prevention has been proposed with the same substances commonly used in treatment (GnRH, PGF2α).Ciste jajnika (OC) jedan su od glavnih čimbenika koji utječe na plodnost mliječne stoke uslijed njihovih negativnih učinka na reproduktivne pokozatelje, prouzročeći velike ekonomske gubike. Tradicionalno se definiraju kao anovulatorne folikularne strukture promjera većeg od 20-25 mm koje perzistiraju najmanje 10 dana na jajniku u izostanku funkcionalnog žutog tijela. Međutim, posljednjih godina, uporaba ultrazvuka u dijagnostici stanja jajnika, kao i hormonskih testova, posebice progesteronskih (P4), osigurao je dodatne informacije, mijenjajujući time definiciju ove bolesti. Ove metode predložene su kao najučinkovitija dijagnostička kombinacija za dijagnozu OCa. Glavne terapije baziraju se na uporabi različitih hormona ili njihovoj kombinaciji. Standardno liječenje posebice predstavlja uporaba GnRH. U slučaju luteinskih cista PGF2α je vrlo učinkovit. Međutim, neuspjesi liječenja zamijećeni s uobičajeno primijenjenim hormonima zahtijevaju drugu i drugačiju metodu liječenja. Stoga se Ovsynch protokol i gestageni čine kao moguća alternativa u liječenju OC-a. Kako bi se spriječilo formiranje OC-a i smanjila incidencija OC-a, strategije je potrebno usredotočiti na smanjenje bolesti i stresa i optimizaciju unosa hrane tijekom suhostaja i razdoblja nakon teljenja (PP). Predložena je medicinska prevencija s istim molekulama koje se uobičajeno rabe u liječenju(GnRH, PGF2α)

Alternativno liječenje mastitisa krava

The treatment of mastitis is based mainly on the use of antibiotics. However, in recent times, an increase in resistance phenomena and the presence of residues in milk and their derivatives has been reported. Few studies have focused on the treatment of mastitis by homeopathy elsewhere or in Algeria. The objective of this current study aimed to clarify in particular the interest of homeopathy in the treatment of mastitis. The study was carried out on two dairy farms on a total of 14 cows located in Laghouat region (southern Algeria). Before the start of the experiment, a tolerance test was performed on two cull cows free from any apparent infection (except mastitis). Local and general reactions were noted at specific times. A total of 31 mammary quarters received 4 intramammary injections of a homeopathic preparation containing several natural products every 12h over 48h. A clinical examination and an analysis of the milk samples on D0, D7 and D14 were performed on all cows and the conclusion was made on the day 14. Data showed a very good tolerance to the homeopathic preparation and a 75% cure rate of the clinical mastitis. An improvement with a decrease in CMT score was also noted. In addition, healing rates of 51.85% for subclinical mastitis on D7 and 59.29% on D14 were also reported. Ultimately, homeopathy could, in some cases, represent an alternative to antibiotic therapy and bring an advantage to breeders. Further investigations should be performed in the future.Liječenje mastitisa uglavnom se temeljina uporabi antibiotika. Međutim, u novije vrijeme, postoje izvještaji o povećanju fenomena otpornosti i o prisutnosti rezidua u mlijeku i mliječnim prerađevinama. Nekoliko studija usredotočilo se na liječenje mastitisa pomoću homeopatije širom svijeta kao i u Alžiru. Cilj ove studije posebno je bio pojasniti primjenjivost homeopatije u liječenju mastitisa. Rad je proveden na dvije farme mlijeka na sveukupno 14 krava u regiji Laghouat (jug Alžira). Prije početka eksperimenta, obavljeno je ispitivanje tolerancije na dvije krave izdvojene za klanje bez ikakve očite infekcije [osim mastitisa]. U određeno vrijeme zamijećene su lokalne i opće reakcije. Ukupno 31 mamitska regija zaprimila je 4 intramamarne injekcije homeopatskog preparata koji sadrži nekoliko prirodnih proizvoda svakih 12 sati tijekom razdoblja od 48 sati. Obavljen je klinički pregled i analiza uzoraka mlijeka na dan D0, D7 i D14 na svim kravama te je donesena odluka na 14. dan. Podatci su pokazali vrlo dobru toleranciju homeopatskog preparata i izlječenje 75% kliničkog mastitisa. Zamijećeno je i poboljšanje sa smanjenjem CMT bodova. Uz to, prijavljena je i stopa ozdravljenja od 51,85% za supklinički mastitis na dan D7 i od 59,29% na dan D14. U konačnici, homeoterapija bi, u nekim slučajevima, mogla predstavljati alternativu antibiotskoj terapiji i osigurati prednosti za uzgajivače. Potrebno je obaviti dodatna ispitivanja u budućnosti

Effect of different levels of bentonite supplementation in diets on zootechnical performance of broiler chicken

Clay is one of many other additives proposed as substitutes to optimize avian performances. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of bentonite sodium (BS) from the Maghnia field on the zootechnical performances of the broiler chicken. For that, 490 Harbord broiler chicks were distributed into 7 lots, each comprising 70 subjects. We prepared a control lot (T) with a standard corn feed and lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 added 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% bentonite by corn substitution, respectively. Zootechnical performances (weight gain WG, consumption index CI) were calculated every 5 days. Our results showed a significant improvement in WG and CI of bentonite-added chickens compared to the control lot. However, in the start-up/ growth phase, there was performance degradation in chickens with 5% BS, which would mean that although BS was beneficial, chicken did not tolerate high levels of BS during young age. In addition to improving performances, BS offered a very large savings in corn (up to 5 kg/100 kg of food). Since BS is a plentiful natural product, it reduces production costs and improves performances of the broiler

Studija učinka antibiotika i simbiotika na kvalitetu sperme putem sustava računalno potpomognute analize sperme

The objective of the current work was to study in vitro sperm quality after antibiotics and symbiotic administration and to evaluate treatment administered before insemination with the aim of reducing artificial insemination failures in goats. This experimental study was carried out at the Animal Reproduction Biotechnology Laboratory (Blida, Algeria). Semen analysis was performed using the Computer-assisted sperm analysis system. In the first experimental approach, we used the antibiotics most commonly administered in the veterinary field for the treatment of subclinical endometritis. A total of eight antibiotics were studied. Each antibiotic tested was co-incubated with frozen goat semen brought from the Centre for Artificial Insemination and Genetic Improvement. For the second experimental approach, we incubated semen with a symbiotic (Symbiovéba). Finally, we selected two antibiotics among those used, namely colistin and cotrimoxazole, and these were co-incubated with the symbiotic and the semen, to examine possible combinations of antibiotics with symbiotics in the treatment and prevention of uterine infections (broad spectrum synergistic activity). Antibiotics have been shown to have a detrimental effect on the sperm cell, by decreasing sperm motility. The average value calculated on all antibiotics was 18% (as opposed to initial motility of 78% in the control group), with an alteration of the linear speed that would have a negative impact on fertilization. On the other hand, symbiotics had a beneficial effect on spermatozoa motility and vitality. The combination of the symbiotic and colistin proved to be very promising. In conclusion, the use of symbiotics in the treatment of subclinical endometriosis at the time of goat insemination is beneficial, and requires greater attention in future research.Cilj je ovoga rada bio proučiti in vitro kvalitetu sperme nakon dodavanja antibiotika i simbiotika te procijeniti terapiju danu nedugo prije osjemenjivanja da bi se smanjio broj neuspješnosti umjetnih osjemenjivanja (AI) u koza. Naša eksperimentalna studija provedena je u Laboratoriju za asistiranu reprodukciju životinja (Blida, Alžir). Analiza sjemena provedena je sustavom računalno potpomognute analize sperme (CASA). Za prvi eksperimentalni pristup rabili smo antibiotike koji se najčešće daju u veterini za liječenje subkliničkog endometritisa (SCE), a proučeno je ukupno osam antibiotika. Svaki ispitani antibiotik bio je koinkubiran sa zamrznutim sjemenom koza iz Centra za umjetno osjemenjivanje i genetsko poboljšanje (CNIAAG). Za drugi pristup koinkubirali smo spermu sa simbiotikom (Symbiovéba). Na kraju smo izabrali dva antibiotika među onima rabljenima - kolistin i kotrimoksazol. Da bismo pokušali pronaći moguću kombinaciju antibiotika sa simbioticima u liječenju i prevenciji infekcije maternice (široki spektar sinergizirane aktivnosti) koinkubirali smo ih sa simbiotikom i sjemenom. Pokazalo se da antibiotici imaju negativan učinak na spermije jer su prouzročili smanjenje njihove pokretljivosti. Prosječna izračunata vrijednost na svim antibioticima bila je 18 % (početna pokretljivost kontrolne skupine bila je 78 %) te promjena linearne brzine koja bi imala negativan učinak na oplodnju, dok su simbiotici su imali blagotvorni učinak na pokretljivost i vitalnost sperme. Kombinacija simbiotika i kolistina bila je vrlo obećavajuća što znači, da je uporaba simbiotika u liječenju subkliničkog endometritisa (SCE) u vrijeme umjetnog osjemenjivanja koza korisna, ali ju je potrebno i dalje pratiti i istraživati

Primjena 3D pisača u veterinarstvu- pregledni članak

Three-dimensional printing, which appeared in the 1980s and has been steadily improving ever since, is a new and very promising technology. Thanks to its unique process of depositing material layer by layer, it differentiates itself from the rest of the traditional methods of modeling by molding and removing material. Modeling by adding material allows 3D printing to create parts with very complex geometries, and even with unprecedented precision. This last characteristic allows it to be used in many sectors including aviation, automotive, production but also science, education and medicine. With regard to these latter fields of application, printing by adding material is for some authors a real revolution. For modeling learning and training mockups, manufacturing custom prostheses, or printing biological and functional organs, the range of possible uses for 3D printing seems immense and very promising. In this study, we invite you to discover the main applications of the 3D printer in veterinary medicineTrodimenzionalni ispis koji se pojavio 1980-ih godina od tada se stalno poboljšava i predstavlja novu i vrlo obećavajuću tehnologiju. Zahvaljujući svom jedinstvenom procesu deponiranja materijala sloj po sloj, razlikuje se od ostalih tradicionalnih metoda modeliranja lijevanjem u kalupe i uklanjanjem materijala. Modeliranje dodavanjem materijala omogućuje kreiranje dijelova vrlo kompleksnih geometrija pomoću 3D ispisa, uz nikada ranije dostignutu preciznost. Ova posljednja karakteristika dopušta njegovu uporabu u brojnim sektorima uključujući: zrakoplovstvo, automobilsku industriju, proizvodnju, ali i znanost, obrazovanje i medicinu. S obzirom na ova posljednja spomenuta područja primjene, ispis dodavanjem materijala za neke autore predstavlja pravu revoluciju. Za učenje pomoću modela i uvježbavanje na modelima, proizvodnju prilagođenih proteza, ili ispis bioloških i funkcionalnih organa, raspon mogućih primjena 3D ispisa čini se neizmjernim i vrlo obećavajućim. U ovoj vas studiji pozivamo da otkrijete mogućnosti primjene 3D ispisa u veterinarstvu