Yellow Rust Extraction in Wheat Crop based on Color Segmentation Techniques

Abstract: -The presented work presents a color based segmentation techniques for extraction of yellow rust in whet crop images. Accurate segmentation of yellow rust in wheat crop images is very part of assessment of disease penetration into the wheat crop. And in turn to o take the necessary preventive action for minimizing the crop damage. The jpeg images acquired from CCD camera are read into the matlab tool and a color based segmentation algorithm is performed to segment the yellow rust. The segmentation of color is performed base on k-means algorithm

Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Enteric Fever among patients in Garissa County, a Semi-Arid Region of North Eastern Kenya

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in developing countries where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. Quantification of disease burden is crucial for policy making about the deployment of enteric fever prevention measures and vaccines. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern in bacterial aetiologies of enteric fever among patients attending Garissa County Referral Hospital, (GCRH) located in a semi-arid region of North Eastern Kenya. Blood and stool samples were obtained from 379 consenting patients and a detailed sociodemographic questionnaire was administered. Isolation and identification of Salmonella Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B were obtained by convectional culture, PCR and Vitek-2 compact detection method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Multidrug resistance was defined as co-resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co- trimoxazole. Eight of the 379 (2.1%) participants were positive for Salmonella spp. Of the 8 Salmonella isolates were S. Typhi (n=2; 25%), S. Paratyphi A (n=2; 25%) and S. Paratyphi B (n=4; 50%). Resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was 100%, 87.5%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 25% respectively. No isolate showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Half of all S. typhi, S. paratyphi A and B were multidrug-resistant. Risk factors including water and food (such as often eating outside homestead, family eating from a common plate, taking locally prepared cold drinks, family wash hands in common basin), low socio-economic status and availability of a previous laboratory confirmation of typhoid fever were associated with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi infection. The isolation of a large proportion of MDR S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and B is worrying. Although these isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones, there is need for routine surveillance to monitor susceptibility to the initial first line antibiotics in clinical settings since the MDR strains have lately shown increased resistance. Addressing issues of contaminated food, water, sanitation and hygiene and low socio-economic status is likely to prevent and reduce the burden on enteric fever in this region. Keywords: Enteric Fever, Molecular Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern, Semi-Arid Region of North Eastern Kenya DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/60-14 Publication date:March 31st 201

Nanoparticles: An Overview

Nanoparticles are the preparations having size in nanometers. Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as  a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodymanic properties of various types of drug molecules.They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the choosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for the drug delivery research  to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects.Here we review various aspects  of nanoparticle  formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes. Keywords : Nanoparticles, controlled and sustained rate, polymers, characterization, evaluatio

Atelier ORIXAS: Projeto Tripartite África/Brasil/França: luta contra a desertificação: promoção da segurança alimentar e redução da pobreza.

No âmbito do Programa de Cooperação Científica Tripartite entre a Agence Inter-établissements de Recherche pourle Développement (AIRD), Agence Panafricaine de la Grande Muraille Verte (APGMV) e o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), o projeto ORIXAS "Observatórios Regionais Integrados de Regiões Árida, Semiáridas e Sub-úmidas secas" concebido em uma visão transversal, foca principalmente em metodologias e ferramentas para apoiar dispositivos de monitoramento ambiental para ser aplicado nos países inseridos na iniciativa africana Grande Muralha Verde - GMV (Burkina-Faso, Djibouti, Érythrée, Éthiopie, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Nigeria, Sénégal, Soudan, Tchad) e tem como objetivo desenvolver abordagens metodológicas e produtos compartilhados para melhorar a avaliação e monitoramento da desertificação e os impactos diretos ou indiretos de iniciativas para lutar contra o desmatamento e desertificação no âmbito da GMV. Esta publicação contempla aspectos metodológicos utilizados pelo projeto "ORIXAS" durante a primeira oficina de trabalho coletivo África-Brasil-França - Atelier (MAISON DE LA TÉLÉDÉTECTION), realizada de 10 a 19 de junho de 2014, em Montpellier França, objetivando informar a forma de execução dos estudos que vêm sendo realizados no escopo do projeto, visando principalmente a luta contra a desertificação, promoção da segurança alimentar e redução da pobreza nos países inseridos na iniciativa africana Grande Muralha Verde - GMV.bitstream/item/123193/1/DOC-174-Atelier-Orixas.pd

3. Partie empirique

La partie empirique de ce travail cherchera à travers l’étude d’un corpus longitudinal à montrer comment se manifeste le progrès de la langue des apprenants dans le domaine du lexique. En outre, nous tenterons d’explorer quels sont, au plan linguistique, les obstacles les plus importants pour le progrès dans ce domaine. Nous avons adopté l’hypothèse de Lavric 2009 que « [l’]idée de l’interlangue qui avance par échelons successifs ne s’applique […] pas à ce domaine » (cf. chap. 2.4.3.3). En ef..

« Je parle du française, où ? » Interlangue française d’un germanophone Étude longitudinale du lexique

How to talk when you learn a foreign language? The language of the learner does not match from the beginning of the target language, it is characterized by numerous "errors" that are partially pre-programmed by the interference of the mother tongue. This language can be used as interlangue (Lerner Language) - a language between the target language and the mother tongue - are referred to. Empirical research on learner language are still not very present in linguistics, especially in the area of ​​lexis. The theme of this work is the presentation of the development of interlangue a germano-speaking Austrian student during his four years of learning French as a foreign language

Arabic Morphological Productivity In The Translation Of Medical Terminology

The terminology wealth of a given language indicates its development in the scientific and technical research and, hence its ability to use its linguistic potentials to be a language of science. Accordingly, the study of the morphological productivity in the translation of terminology in a given field is crucially important. The ever-increasing developments in the field of medicine in today’s world, and the English dominance in that field, made it necessary for the Arabic language to adjust itself to change by making full use of its morphological productivity potentials to create appropriate translation equivalents for English medical terms to cope with ongoing developments

4. Conclusion

Bien que l’apprentissage de langues étrangères soit généralement considéré comme important et bien que le nombre de locuteurs et apprenants de langues étrangères soit énorme – presque tout le monde est concerné – la recherche empirique linguistique sur l’apprentissage des langues étrangères est insuffisante sous de nombreux aspects. L’étude empirique du lexique est particulièrement négligée. Avec notre travail empirique, qui se place dans le contexte de l’analyse de l’interlangue dans le doma..