Sustainable Industrial Management Strategy of Linear Alkyl Benzene Marketing in Indian Context

In this competitive world, organisations need to adopt strategies based on the market structure. Historically, economic performance has been crucial parameter for Industries as it creates valued output of goods and services resulting in increase in human and man-made capital. On the other hand, production is rapidly affecting environment, depleting natural capital, eroding biodiversity and natural habitat which is socially and environmentally disruptive. This paper centres on investigating how Indian industry in India can align them towards sustainable industrial management strategy in petrochemical business with the special reference to Linear Alkyl Benzene(LAB),one of the major liquid petrochemicals and raw material for detergent industries. The organisational efforts towards growth and sustainability are discussed. Present article elaborates the probable marketing strategies Indian suppliers of LAB could adopt in the face of global competition. Overall perspective is reviewed in the light of oligopoly market structure of LAB suppliers and increasing trend of import influx so as to find the strategy domestic suppliers can plan to compete effectively with the import. Keywords: Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), Petrochemicals, Oligopoly Market, Strategy, Competition, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, Environmen

Environment Responsiveness of Petrochemical Organisation in India

Many companies have announced ambitious sustainability plans to reduce their carbon foot print and save environment. Product manufacturers are redrawing their marketing plans with emphasis on the eco-friendly theme. Companies are leaving no stone unturned in their quest to reduce carbon footprint in their new processes and raw material which can help these companies achieve their sustainability goals in the face of this competitive world, organisations need to adopt different strategies. Green effort and environmental responsiveness towards society go a long way for business sustenance. Growing awareness about the environment has made the consumers conscious about importance of eco-friendly products and they are ready to pay the premium. As a result , product manufacturers are incorporating changes in the products and processes to suit the customer demand. Today the customer awareness on health consciousness and eco-friendly products have gone up. Manufacturing companies are looking at improving the process and products as well as reduce the environmental loads. Several literatures were published regarding different key drivers and motives for these green efforts made by companies. However, detailed studies were not found in petroleum and petrochemical Industries and approaches adopted by Indian Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) and Private sector organisation. In this paper detailed study is being conducted for major PSUs and private sectors in India. The key initiatives are elaborated and compared to evaluate organisations’ ecological responsiveness and societal impacts are discussed. Global detergent players like HUL and P&G and two major petroleum and petrochemical industries of neighbouring country, China and SHELL Global have been referred in the context as these companies are supposed to be the leaders in Sustainability initiatives. Data have been collected through the content analysis of companies’ web-sites and documents. Keywords :  Environmental Management System(EMS),Recycling, Renewable energy, GHG emission, Carbon capture and storage, Green packaging, Sustainable development, Eco-produc

Ti(IV) Complexes with Cinnamohydroxamic Acid & Its Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination in Trace Amounts

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Optimal use of rainwater tanks to minimize residential water consumption

Melbourne, the capital of Victoria Australia leads the world in having the highest quality drinking water. The Victorian State Government has set targets for reducing per capita water consumption by 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively and has announced stringent water restrictions to curtail water demand. In this resource constraint environment it is opportune to look for alternative sources of water to supplement Melbourne's traditional water supply. In Melbourne, legislation has been changed to make it possible to use rainwater harvested from domestic tanks for non potable purposes. The annual rainfall in Melbourne's metropolitan area varies from 450mm in the West to 850mm in the East to over 1000mm in the North East mountain ranges. The objectives of the current study are to develop a methodology to estimate the optimal size of the rainwater tank at a particular location considering the local rainfall, roof area, demand for water and the reliability of supply (supply security) required; to quantify the rainwater volume that could be harvested at site using domestic rainwater tanks to minimise pressure on the potable water supply secured from traditional catchment sources until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013; to analyse the efficacy of rainwater tanks to reduce the stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the stormwater that will otherwise flow into urban drains and to estimate the cost effectiveness ratio and payback period of inst alling rainwater tanks. A simple water balance model was developed to calculate the tank size based on daily rainfall, roof area and the expected demand. The concept of 'reliability' was introduced to measure supply security. Rainfall data from 20 rainfall stations scattered around Melbourne were used to determine the variation in the rainwater tank size dependent on the above stated parameters. It was observed that to achieve the same supply reliability (90%) and to meet a specific demand (toilet and garden use), the tank size required in the western side of Melbourne is as high as 7 times as that required in the north-east side. As a result, the "one size fits all" approach is not applicable in Melbourne considering the spatial distribution of mean annual rainfall (MAR). In this study, a unique generalized curve was developed to determine the optimum tank size considering the variation in MAR, demand, roof area and supply reliability. The 20 rainfall stations of Greater Melbourne were divided into three water zones based on the three water retailers in Melbourne (Yarra Valley Water, South East Water and City West Water) to calculate the percentage reduction of potable water supply in these above stated water zones over the next 5 years until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013. Finally, the cost effectiveness of using rainwater for nonpotable domestic use in comparison with traditional reticulated water supply was analysed

Forecasting of Rainfall Using General Circulation Model - Statistical Modelling in Johor

Changes in the spatial and temporal rainfall pattern which affected by the climate change need to be investigated as its significant characteristics are often used for managing water resources. This paper implemented the statistical modelling to study the spatial and temporal distribution changes of rainfall pattern in the long term analysis. A daily rainfall series from eight (8) stations in Johor capturing 30 years period (1988-2017) with less than 10% missing data were chosen. To build the predictor-predictand relationship, it depends on the monthly correlation coefficient (R) with the large scale of atmospheric characteristic and performances of calibrated and validated of statistical equation using Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). The results showed that the temperature (nceptemp), surface specific humidity (ncepshum) and near surface relative humidity (nceprhum) had strong influence in the local weather formations. As proved, all these stations were successfully produced low standard error (SE) ranged from 3.82% to 11.64%. The annual temporal rainfall was expected to increase to 3058.13 mm (15.4%) at the end of century. The eastern of Johor was expecting to receive higher rainfall intensity and then disperse to the western of Johor. The predictions of rainfall are a bit alarming, therefore, mitigation planning on climate change effects is needed

Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfall Trends Under RCP Scenarios in Johor, Malaysia

Changes in the spatial and temporal rainfall pattern affected by the climate change need to be investigated as its significant characteristics are often used for managing water resources. In this study, the impacts of climate change on rainfall variability in Johor was investigated by using General Circulation Model (GCM) on the availability of daily simulation for three representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios, RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for interval year of Δ2030, Δ2050 and Δ2080. In addition, the annual future rainfall trend for the first interval year of Δ2030 was also made. Daily rainfall series from eight (8) stations in Johor, Malaysia capturing 30 years period (1988-2017) with less than 10% missing data were chosen. The annual mean rainfall for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 was predicted increase by 17.5%, 18.1% and 18.3%, respectively as compared to historical data. Moreover, the Mann-Kendall (MK) test was used to detect the trend and resulted in no trend for RCP 2.6. Even so, RCP 4.5 showed a significant upward trend in Muar and Kota Tinggi, and for RCP 8.5, all regions were detected to have an upwards trend except for Pontian and Kluang. In general, the concentration of greenhouse gases from RCP 8.5 gave the highest rainfall in future

Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfall Trends Under RCP Scenarios in Johor, Malaysia

Changes in the spatial and temporal rainfall pattern affected by the climate change need to be investigated as its significant characteristics are often used for managing water resources. In this study, the impacts of climate change on rainfall variability in Johor was investigated by using General Circulation Model (GCM) on the availability of daily simulation for three representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios, RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for interval year of Δ2030, Δ2050 and Δ2080. In addition, the annual future rainfall trend for the first interval year of Δ2030 was also made. Daily rainfall series from eight (8) stations in Johor, Malaysia capturing 30 years period (1988-2017) with less than 10% missing data were chosen. The annual mean rainfall for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 was predicted increase by 17.5%, 18.1% and 18.3%, respectively as compared to historical data. Moreover, the Mann-Kendall (MK) test was used to detect the trend and resulted in no trend for RCP 2.6. Even so, RCP 4.5 showed a significant upward trend in Muar and Kota Tinggi, and for RCP 8.5, all regions were detected to have an upwards trend except for Pontian and Kluang. In general, the concentration of greenhouse gases from RCP 8.5 gave the highest rainfall in future

Fire frequency analysis for different climatic stations in Victoria, Australia

Frequent occurrence of fire events will have severe impact on Victorias water supply catchments. Hence, it is important to perform fire frequency analysis to obtain fire frequency curves (FFC) on fire intensity using Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) at different parts of Victoria. FFDI is a measure of fire initiation, spreading speed and containment difficulty. FFC will guide water harvesting by providing information with regard to future fire events and the subsequent impact on catchment yield. Five probability distributions, namely normal, Log Pearson Type III (LPIII), gamma, log-normal and Weibull distributions were used for the development of FFCs at ten selected meteorological stations spread all over Victoria. LPIII distribution was identified as the best fit distribution for Victoria and subsequently applied for an additional 30 more stations to show spatial variability for the entire Victoria

Role of rainwater tanks in managing demand during droughts

Not availabl

The Antenna Effect--a Simple Method for its Elimination.

This paper describes about the Antenna Effect@IAC